The present disclosure relates to novel, scalable methods of making substituted tricyclic compounds that are useful to treat and/or prevent HBV and/or HBV-HDV infection and related conditions in a subject.

The invention relates to a continuous method for the production of Grignard adducts, in which the magnesium chips are activated mechanically in situ. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for implementation of the method according to the invention.

The invention relates to a continuous method for the production of Grignard adducts, in which the magnesium chips are activated mechanically in situ. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for implementation of the method according to the invention.

The invention relates to hydrocarbon-soluble halogen or thiolate/magnesium exchange reagents of the general formula
R.sup.1MgR.sup.1.sub.1-n(OR.sup.3).sub.n.LiOR2.(1−n)LiOR.sup.3.aDonor
in which: R.sup.1 is a C1-C8 alkyl and OR.sup.2 as well as OR.sup.3 are same or different and represent primary, secondary, or tertiary alkoxide residues having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, wherein R.sup.2 and/or R.sup.3 can for their part contain an alkoxy substituent OR.sup.4; a assumes a value of 0 to 2, n assumes a value between 0 and 1, and the donor is an organic molecule containing at least 2 nitrogen atoms.

The invention relates to hydrocarbon-soluble halogen or thiolate/magnesium exchange reagents of the general formula
R.sup.1MgR.sup.1.sub.1-n(OR.sup.3).sub.n.LiOR2.(1−n)LiOR.sup.3.aDonor
in which: R.sup.1 is a C1-C8 alkyl and OR.sup.2 as well as OR.sup.3 are same or different and represent primary, secondary, or tertiary alkoxide residues having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, wherein R.sup.2 and/or R.sup.3 can for their part contain an alkoxy substituent OR.sup.4; a assumes a value of 0 to 2, n assumes a value between 0 and 1, and the donor is an organic molecule containing at least 2 nitrogen atoms.

Processes for synthesizing new compounds that may usefully be employed in organic synthesis, especially in the synthesis of vitamin A or β-carotene and derivatives thereof, e.g. canthaxanthin, astaxanthin or zeaxanthin are disclosed. The new compounds are especially useful as intermediates (building blocks) in the synthesis of vitamin A or β-carotene, preferably vitamin A.

A method for producing an organometallic nucleophile includes reacting an organohalide and a metal or metal compound with each other by a mechanochemical process in the presence of an ether compound in an amount of 0.5 to 10.0 equivalents relative to 1 equivalent of the organohalide. By utilizing the method, a method for producing an organometallic nucleophile can be performed without using a large-scale apparatus, a reaction method for reactions between an organometallic nucleophile and various organic electrophiles can be performed by an efficient and simplified means, and a simplified method for producing an organometallic nucleophile can be performed with high reactivity.

A method for producing an organometallic nucleophile includes reacting an organohalide and a metal or metal compound with each other by a mechanochemical process in the presence of an ether compound in an amount of 0.5 to 10.0 equivalents relative to 1 equivalent of the organohalide. By utilizing the method, a method for producing an organometallic nucleophile can be performed without using a large-scale apparatus, a reaction method for reactions between an organometallic nucleophile and various organic electrophiles can be performed by an efficient and simplified means, and a simplified method for producing an organometallic nucleophile can be performed with high reactivity.

This invention discloses method for preparing a non-radioactive standard β-CFT. Using cocaine hydrochloride as the starting material, and after a series of hydrolysis, dehydration, esterification and bonding reactions, a non-radioactive standard (2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluoropenyl) tropane) is prepared. Furthermore, this preparation method has fewer steps, is easy to operate, and the purity of the product is as high as 97.97%. Therefore, the method for preparing a non-radioactive standard β-CFT can promote the development of positron imaging in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

This invention discloses method for preparing a non-radioactive standard β-CFT. Using cocaine hydrochloride as the starting material, and after a series of hydrolysis, dehydration, esterification and bonding reactions, a non-radioactive standard (2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluoropenyl) tropane) is prepared. Furthermore, this preparation method has fewer steps, is easy to operate, and the purity of the product is as high as 97.97%. Therefore, the method for preparing a non-radioactive standard β-CFT can promote the development of positron imaging in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.