The present disclosure provides for methods for depolymerizing lignin to produce other useful products. For example, low molecular weight aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hydrocarbons having 8 to 20 carbon atoms (C8 to C20 hydrocarbons)) as well as oil products can be produced using methods of the present disclosure. The method can include treatment of the lignin using a catalyst composition, where the catalyst composition comprises a persulfate salt and a transition metal catalyst.

The present disclosure provides for methods for depolymerizing lignin to produce other useful products. For example, low molecular weight aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hydrocarbons having 8 to 20 carbon atoms (C8 to C20 hydrocarbons)) as well as oil products can be produced using methods of the present disclosure. The method can include treatment of the lignin using a catalyst composition, where the catalyst composition comprises a persulfate salt and a transition metal catalyst.

A process for the production of organic chemicals and fuels from lignin in the presence of a molybdenum or tungsten based catalyst, comprising mixing the lignin with the catalyst and a solvent in a sealed reactor, introducing an inert gas or hydrogen to the reactor to replace oxygen therein, and heating the sealed reactor to perform a depolymerization reaction at a reaction temperature of above 200° C. to obtain liquid products, which include aromatic compounds, esters, alcohols, monophenols and benzyl alcohols.

A process for the production of organic chemicals and fuels from lignin in the presence of a molybdenum or tungsten based catalyst, comprising mixing the lignin with the catalyst and a solvent in a sealed reactor, introducing an inert gas or hydrogen to the reactor to replace oxygen therein, and heating the sealed reactor to perform a depolymerization reaction at a reaction temperature of above 200° C. to obtain liquid products, which include aromatic compounds, esters, alcohols, monophenols and benzyl alcohols.

Novel processes, and intermediates, for making alkylated arylpiperazine and alkylated arylpiperidine compounds of the general formulas (I) and (VII), respectively ##STR00001##
wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted or alkyl; n=0, 1, or 2; Y=NR.sub.3R.sub.4, OR.sub.5, or SR.sub.5, where R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are individually selected from acyl or sulfonyl, and where R.sub.5 is aryl or heteroaryl, or heterocyclic; and Ar is an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic compound.

Novel processes, and intermediates, for making alkylated arylpiperazine and alkylated arylpiperidine compounds of the general formulas (I) and (VII), respectively ##STR00001##
wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted or alkyl; n=0, 1, or 2; Y=NR.sub.3R.sub.4, OR.sub.5, or SR.sub.5, where R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are individually selected from acyl or sulfonyl, and where R.sub.5 is aryl or heteroaryl, or heterocyclic; and Ar is an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic compound.

Disclosed is a liquid production method and device for producing a liquid containing water-soluble components. The liquid production method includes extracting water-soluble components from a biological tissue, using a liquefied gas, to yield an extraction liquid, and vaporizing the liquefied gas from the extraction liquid obtained in the extracting to concentrate the extraction liquid.

Disclosed is a liquid production method and device for producing a liquid containing water-soluble components. The liquid production method includes extracting water-soluble components from a biological tissue, using a liquefied gas, to yield an extraction liquid, and vaporizing the liquefied gas from the extraction liquid obtained in the extracting to concentrate the extraction liquid.

Disclosed is a liquid production method and device for producing a liquid containing water-soluble components. The liquid production method includes extracting water-soluble components from a biological tissue, using a liquefied gas, to yield an extraction liquid, and vaporizing the liquefied gas from the extraction liquid obtained in the extracting to concentrate the extraction liquid.

Methods of isolating phenols from phenol-containing media. The methods include combining a phospholipid-containing composition with the phenol-containing medium to generate a combined medium, incubating the combined medium to precipitate phenols in the combined medium and thereby form a phenol precipitate phase and a phenol-depleted phase, and separating the phenol precipitate phase and the phenol-depleted phase. The methods can further include extracting phenols from the separated phenol precipitate phase. The extracting can include mixing the separated phenol precipitate phase with an extraction solvent to solubilize in the extraction solvent at least a portion of the phenols originally present in the phenol precipitate phase.