Methods for rapid, efficient, and safe fluoridation and radiolabeling of established and new biomarkers are described. More specifically, the described herein methods may be used for fluoridation of biomarkers or to facilitate isotopic exchanges, especially .sup.19F/.sup.18F IEX, for rapid and efficient manufacturing of radiotracers, including radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET), under clinically relevant conditions.

The present invention provides a scalable synthesis of enantiomerically pure brivaracetam, and related derivatives.

The present invention provides a scalable synthesis of enantiomerically pure brivaracetam, and related derivatives.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in a high concentration, e.g. in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene starting from benzoic acid by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas. The elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in high concentration, and subsequent decarboxylation of the benzoic acid hypofluorite obtained by direct fluorination. The process of the invention is also directed to the manufacture of benzoic acid hypofluorite by direct fluorination of benzoic acid. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinatedbenzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications.

Provided are methods and materials for the functionalization of a heteroalkane or arene using an oxidizing electrophile as a stoichiometric agent or catalyst. The reaction involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom on an sp3-hybridized carbon atom of the heteroalkane or of a hydrogen atom on an sp2-hybridized carbon atom of the arene. A main group element organometallic intermediate is formed that undergoes further conversion to a functionalized heteroalkane or arene.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, and the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume, and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene derivative starting from benzoic acid derivative by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in a high concentration, and subsequent decarboxylation of the benzoic acid hypofluorite derivative obtained by direct fluorination. The process of the invention is also directed to the manufacture of a benzoic acid hypofluorite derivative by direct fluorination of benzoic acid derivative. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated benzene derivative, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications.

Impurities such as sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) are removed from trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC) through distillation, adsorption, or a combination thereof, and/or including the formation of an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition including effective amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) and trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC). The trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC) thus purified may then be used in the manufacture of trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I). Also disclosed are azeotropes and azeotrope like compositions of sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) and trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC).

Impurities such as sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) are removed from trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC) through distillation, adsorption, or a combination thereof, and/or including the formation of an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition including effective amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) and trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC). The trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC) thus purified may then be used in the manufacture of trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I). Also disclosed are azeotropes and azeotrope like compositions of sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) and trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFAC).

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, the elemental fluorine (F2) is preferably present in a high concentration, e.g. in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene starting from benzoic acid by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas. The elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in high concentration, and subsequent decarboxylation of the benzoic acid hypofluorite obtained by direct fluorination. The process of the invention is also directed to the manufacture of benzoic acid hypofluorite by direct fluorination of benzoic acid. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinatedbenzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, and the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume, and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene derivative starting from benzoic acid derivative by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is preferably present in a high concentration, and subsequent decarboxylation of the benzoic acid hypofluorite derivative obtained by direct fluorination. The process of the invention is also directed to the manufacture of a benzoic acid hypofluorite derivative by direct fluorination of benzoic acid derivative. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated benzene derivative, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications.