Provided herein are compounds useful for the treatment of HBV infection in a subject in need thereof, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of inhibiting, suppressing, or preventing HBV infection in the subject.

A method produces ε-caprolactam through adipamide as an intermediate, and characteristically includes a lactamization step of reacting adipamide, formed from a material compound, with hydrogen and ammonia in the presence of a catalyst containing: a metal oxide mainly containing an oxide(s) of one or more metallic elements selected from the group consisting of metallic elements of group 5 and groups 7 to 14 in the 4th to 6th periods of the periodic table; and a metal and/or a metal compound having a hydrogenation ability.

Provided herein are compounds that modulate the activity of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions comprising the compounds.

The present application provides cationic viologen derivatives, referred to as transquats, and compositions and uses thereof. The transquats undergo cycles of reduction and oxidation processes in water and are useful in various applications, for example, as electrolytes in Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries (ARFBs). The transquat compounds of the present application have the structure of Formula I

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The present application provides cationic viologen derivatives, referred to as transquats, and compositions and uses thereof. The transquats undergo cycles of reduction and oxidation processes in water and are useful in various applications, for example, as electrolytes in Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries (ARFBs). The transquat compounds of the present application have the structure of Formula I

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