A nanoribbon includes a structure represented by a structural formula (8), where g, p, q, r, s, t, and u are mutually independent and are integers greater than or equal to 1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are mutually independent and are one of a hydrogen atom, a substituent, an alkyl moiety, a phenyl moiety, and a halogen atom, and A denotes a hydrogen atom or an aryl group. ##STR00001##

A compound according to an embodiment is represented by Formula 1. The compound may be used for treatment of autoimmune diseases. A composition for treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases includes the compound and is expected to not only control inflammation but also recover immune balance as well as damaged tissues, thereby restoring bowel tissue homeostasis.

A compound according to an embodiment is represented by Formula 1. The compound may be used for treatment of autoimmune diseases. A composition for treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases includes the compound and is expected to not only control inflammation but also recover immune balance as well as damaged tissues, thereby restoring bowel tissue homeostasis.

Compounds of Formula (I) or stereoisomers, tautomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or prodrugs thereof, wherein Ring A, Ring C and X are as defined herein, are inhibitors of TrkA kinase and are useful in the treatment of diseases which can be treated with a TrkA kinase inhibitor such as pain, cancer, inflammation/inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, certain infectious diseases, Sjogren's syndrome, endometriosis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, prostatitis or pelvic pain syndrome. ##STR00001##

Described herein are compounds of Formula (I) and tautomers and pharmaceutical salts thereof, compositions and formulations containing such compounds, and methods of using and making such compounds.

The present invention relates to polypiperidine compounds of polymeric type which are capable of conferring to the polymeric materials, particularly to polyolefins, a high stability against photodegradation and oxidative action of air, belong to the HALS category and have general formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein p is from 3 to 20; n is from 2 to 12; R and R.sub.1, which are the same or different, are selected in the group consisting of hydrogen, linear and branched C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl groups, alkenyl groups having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and aralkyl groups having 7 to 19 carbon atoms; X and X.sub.1, which are the same or different, are selected in the group consisting oxygen and groups of formula (II) ##STR00002## wherein R.sub.2 is selected in the group consisting of hydrogen, linear and branched C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups having 5 to 12 carbon atoms and aralkyl groups having 7 to 12 carbon atoms; A represents a —(CH.sub.2).sub.a— group wherein a is from 2 to 12, with the proviso that a is different from n; Z is selected in the group consisting of C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl groups, groups of formula (III) ##STR00003## wherein n, X, X.sub.1, R and R.sub.1 are as above defined, and groups of formula (IV) ##STR00004## wherein R is as above defined; Y represents a substituent selected in the group consisting of the groups of general formula (V) ##STR00005## the groups O—R.sub.4 and S—R.sub.4, wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, which may be the same or different, represent hydrogen, a linear and branched C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl group, a cycloakyl group having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or may form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are linked, a heterocycle containing 5 to 7 carbon atoms; and the piperidine group (VI) ##STR00006## wherein R and X are as above defined. The invention further relates to the processes for preparation of the compounds according to the invention.

The invention relates to pyridazinone and pyridone compounds having formula (I) or (I′), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1/R.sub.4 and X and X.sub.3 are as defined in the claims. The invention further relates to their use as inhibitors of copper-containing amine oxidases. The present invention also relates to the preparation of the aforementioned compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising as an active ingredient(s) one or more of the aforementioned compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof.

Copolymers having General Formula (I):

##STR00001##

in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are chosen from C.sub.1 to C.sub.30 aliphatic groups, R.sup.4 is chosen from divalent C.sub.4 to C.sub.7 linear aliphatic groups and divalent C.sub.4 to C.sub.7 linear heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear aliphatic groups, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are each independently chosen from methyl or hydrogen, x is chosen from 0 to 0.8, y is chosen from 0 to 0.8, when y is 0, x is greater than 0, and when x is 0, y is greater than 0, and z is chosen from 0.1 to 0.9. The summation of x, y, and z equals 1. Methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates in a fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates, including contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I).

Copolymers having General Formula (I):

##STR00001##

in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are chosen from C.sub.1 to C.sub.30 aliphatic groups, R.sup.4 is chosen from divalent C.sub.4 to C.sub.7 linear aliphatic groups and divalent C.sub.4 to C.sub.7 linear heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear aliphatic groups, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are each independently chosen from methyl or hydrogen, x is chosen from 0 to 0.8, y is chosen from 0 to 0.8, when y is 0, x is greater than 0, and when x is 0, y is greater than 0, and z is chosen from 0.1 to 0.9. The summation of x, y, and z equals 1. Methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates in a fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates, including contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I).

Described herein are embodiments of squarylium compounds for use as filters in light-emitting and/or display devices. One problem of known quarylium dyes is that strong nucleophiles can attack the electron-deficient cyclobutene ring which can lead to a loss of the dye's colour. Another potential drawback with squaraine dyes can be their tendency to form aggregates, which can lead to a substantial broadening of their absorption bands. Use of the present compounds in filters address these problems. The squarylium compounds of the present invention have the following formulas: ##STR00001##