Sulfate ester modified cellulose nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in the range of 1 nm to 500 nm, and having sulfate ester modified hydroxyl groups on surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers that are nanosized, that have a high crystallinity degree, and that have large aspect ratios, the method being a chemical method that does not require any physical pulverization, that is energy-saving, and that can be performed under mild reaction conditions. A method of producing modified cellulose nanofibers including modifying the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers through esterification or urethanization. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers includes impregnating cellulose with a fibrillation solution containing dimethylsulfoxide, at least one carboxylic acid anhydride selected from acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride, and sulfuric acid to fibrillate the cellulose.

Sulfate ester modified cellulose nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in the range of 1 nm to 500 nm, and having sulfate ester modified hydroxyl groups on surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers that are nanosized, that have a high crystallinity degree, and that have large aspect ratios, the method being a chemical method that does not require any physical pulverization, that is energy-saving, and that can be performed under mild reaction conditions. A method of producing modified cellulose nanofibers including modifying the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers through esterification or urethanization. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers includes impregnating cellulose with a fibrillation solution containing dimethylsulfoxide, at least one carboxylic acid anhydride selected from acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride, and sulfuric acid to fibrillate the cellulose.

Sulfate ester modified cellulose nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in the range of 1 nm to 500 nm, and having sulfate ester modified hydroxyl groups on surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers that are nanosized, that have a high crystallinity degree, and that have large aspect ratios, the method being a chemical method that does not require any physical pulverization, that is energy-saving, and that can be performed under mild reaction conditions. A method of producing modified cellulose nanofibers including modifying the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers through esterification or urethanization. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers includes impregnating cellulose with a fibrillation solution containing dimethylsulfoxide, at least one carboxylic acid anhydride selected from acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride, and sulfuric acid to fibrillate the cellulose.

Sulfate ester modified cellulose nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in the range of 1 nm to 500 nm, and having sulfate ester modified hydroxyl groups on surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers that are nanosized, that have a high crystallinity degree, and that have large aspect ratios, the method being a chemical method that does not require any physical pulverization, that is energy-saving, and that can be performed under mild reaction conditions. A method of producing modified cellulose nanofibers including modifying the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers through esterification or urethanization. A method of producing cellulose nanofibers includes impregnating cellulose with a fibrillation solution containing dimethylsulfoxide, at least one carboxylic acid anhydride selected from acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride, and sulfuric acid to fibrillate the cellulose.

A fat-binding composition contains an inclusion complex with a host molecule and a guest molecule. The guest molecule includes one or more amino acids, vitamins, flavorants or related compounds, rutin, betanin, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. The fat-binding composition may be in the form of a tablet or powder, for example, and may be incorporated into a food or beverage product. If in the form of a powder or tablet, the composition may optionally contain a carbonation-forming component and may be dissolved in carbonated or non-carbonated water. The fat-binding composition may also be employed in a method for binding fat ingested by an animal which includes having the animal ingest the composition, or a food or beverage product containing the same.

Fine cellulose fiber has a dispersion with a very high transparency and viscosity. A method is for producing the fine cellulose fiber. In the cellulose fiber, a part of hydroxy groups of cellulose fiber is substituted with a predetermined functional group to introduce an ester of phosphorus-oxo acid, and substituted with a carbamate group to introduce a carbamate. The method for producing fine cellulose fiber includes adding an additive (A) and an additive (B) including at least one of urea and a urea derivative to cellulose fiber, heating the mixture at 100 to 210° C., washing the mixture, and then fibrillating the mixture, the additive (B) being added in an amount of 0.01 to 100 mol based on 1 mol of the additive (A).

Fine cellulose fiber has a dispersion with a very high transparency and viscosity. A method is for producing the fine cellulose fiber. In the cellulose fiber, a part of hydroxy groups of cellulose fiber is substituted with a predetermined functional group to introduce an ester of phosphorus-oxo acid, and substituted with a carbamate group to introduce a carbamate. The method for producing fine cellulose fiber includes adding an additive (A) and an additive (B) including at least one of urea and a urea derivative to cellulose fiber, heating the mixture at 100 to 210° C., washing the mixture, and then fibrillating the mixture, the additive (B) being added in an amount of 0.01 to 100 mol based on 1 mol of the additive (A).

The present disclosure concerns a method for producing fertilizer particles comprising an alternative source of boron. It is found that certain colemanite and ulexite powders can be supplied to a fertilizer melt shortly before granulation essentially without dissolving into the melt. Accordingly, the fertilizer particles produced from the melt may contain negligible amounts or non-detectable levels of sodium borates or boric acid. Furthermore, the fertilizer particles can be homogeneous which is desirable for boron supplying fertilizers. It is also found that the fertilizer particles can supply boron to plants at a rate comparable to borax pentahydrate.

Fine cellulose fiber has a dispersion with a very high transparency and viscosity. A method is for producing the fine cellulose fiber. In the cellulose fiber, a part of hydroxy groups of cellulose fiber is substituted with a predetermined functional group to introduce an ester of phosphorus-oxo acid, and substituted with a carbamate group to introduce a carbamate. The method for producing fine cellulose fiber includes adding an additive (A) and an additive (B) including at least one of urea and a urea derivative to cellulose fiber, heating the mixture at 100 to 210 C., washing the mixture, and then fibrillating the mixture, the additive (B) being added in an amount of 0.01 to 100 mol based on 1 mol of the additive (A).

Fine cellulose fiber has a dispersion with a very high transparency and viscosity. A method is for producing the fine cellulose fiber. In the cellulose fiber, a part of hydroxy groups of cellulose fiber is substituted with a predetermined functional group to introduce an ester of phosphorus-oxo acid, and substituted with a carbamate group to introduce a carbamate. The method for producing fine cellulose fiber includes adding an additive (A) and an additive (B) including at least one of urea and a urea derivative to cellulose fiber, heating the mixture at 100 to 210 C., washing the mixture, and then fibrillating the mixture, the additive (B) being added in an amount of 0.01 to 100 mol based on 1 mol of the additive (A).