A dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds comprising a vinyl alcohol polymer (A) which has a saponification degree of 30 mol % or more and less than 60 mol % and a viscosity-average polymerization degree (P) of more than 200 and less than 600, and has a terminal alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and in which a content of monomer units having an oxyalkylene group is 0.3 mol % or less and the relationship between the viscosity-average polymerization degree (P) and a modification rate (S) (mol %) of the alkyl group satisfies Formula (1). Thus, there can be provided a dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization with which, during suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds including vinyl chloride, even when it is used in a small amount, the absorbency of a plasticizer is high, resulting in easy processing and formation of coarse particles is little and the remaining monomer components can be easily removed.
50≦S×P/1.880<100  (1)

A dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds comprising a vinyl alcohol polymer (A) which has a saponification degree of 30 mol % or more and less than 60 mol % and a viscosity-average polymerization degree (P) of more than 200 and less than 600, and has a terminal alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and in which a content of monomer units having an oxyalkylene group is 0.3 mol % or less and the relationship between the viscosity-average polymerization degree (P) and a modification rate (S) (mol %) of the alkyl group satisfies Formula (1). Thus, there can be provided a dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization with which, during suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds including vinyl chloride, even when it is used in a small amount, the absorbency of a plasticizer is high, resulting in easy processing and formation of coarse particles is little and the remaining monomer components can be easily removed.
50≦S×P/1.880<100  (1)

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A dispersion of particles is provided that each contain at least one ferromagnetic domain and at least one phosphor domain having a stimulation wavelength, a glow persistence of at least 5 seconds and a visible wavelength emission. A polymeric resin that is transmissive of the stimulation wavelength and the visible wavelength emission coats the ferromagnetic and phosphor domains to define each particle size. A method of non-destructively inspecting a test article applies a dispersion of these particles to a surface of the test article. A magnetic field is then induced including the test article. The surface of the test article is exposed to incident energy adapted to stimulate phosphorescence of the dispersion of particles. With the incident energy exposure ceased, the position of the dispersion of particles on the surface of the test article is imaged. An inspection system for non-destructively inspecting a test article is also provided.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

A polymerizable composition for an optical material according to the present invention includes one or two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of component (A): an ester compound having a specific structure and component (B): an ether compound having a specific structure, and a polymerizable compound.