A composition for forming an organic film contains a polymer having a repeating unit shown by formula (1A) as a partial structure, and an organic solvent, where AR.sub.1 and AR.sub.2 represent a benzene ring or naphthalene ring optionally with a substituent; W.sub.1 represents any in formula (1B), and the polymer optionally contains two or more kinds of W.sub.1; W.sub.2 represents a divalent organic group having 1 to 80 carbon atoms; R.sub.1 represents a monovalent organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated bond; and R.sub.2 represents a monovalent organic group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more aromatic rings. This invention provides: an organic film composition which enables excellent film formability, high etching resistance, and excellent twisting resistance without impairing the resin-derived carbon content, and which contains less outgassing-causing sublimation component; a patterning process using the composition; and a polymer suitable for the composition. ##STR00001##

A composition for forming an organic film contains a polymer having a repeating unit shown by formula (1A) as a partial structure, and an organic solvent, where AR.sub.1 and AR.sub.2 represent a benzene ring or naphthalene ring optionally with a substituent; W.sub.1 represents any in formula (1B), and the polymer optionally contains two or more kinds of W.sub.1; W.sub.2 represents a divalent organic group having 1 to 80 carbon atoms; R.sub.1 represents a monovalent organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an unsaturated bond; and R.sub.2 represents a monovalent organic group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more aromatic rings. This invention provides: an organic film composition which enables excellent film formability, high etching resistance, and excellent twisting resistance without impairing the resin-derived carbon content, and which contains less outgassing-causing sublimation component; a patterning process using the composition; and a polymer suitable for the composition. ##STR00001##

An anion exchange polymer includes aryl ether linkage free polyarylenes having aromatic/polyaromatic rings in polymer backbone and a tethered alkyl quaternary ammonium hydroxide side groups. This anion exchange polymer may be utilized in an anion exchange process and may be made into a thin anion transfer membrane. An ion transfer membrane may be mechanically reinforced having one or more layers of functional polymer based on a terphenyl backbone with quaternary ammonium functional groups and an inert porous scaffold material for reinforcement. An anion exchange membrane may have multilayers of anion exchange polymers which each containing varying types of backbones, varying degrees of functionalization, or varying functional groups to reduce ammonia crossover through the membrane.

Poly(aryl piperidinium) polymers with pendant cationic groups are provided which have an alkaline-stable cation, piperidinium, introduced into a rigid aromatic polymer backbone free of ether bonds. Hydroxide exchange membranes or hydroxide exchange ionomers formed from these polymers exhibit superior chemical stability, hydroxide conductivity, decreased water uptake, good solubility in selected solvents, and improved mechanical properties in an ambient dry state as compared to conventional hydroxide exchange membranes or ionomers. Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells comprising the poly(aryl piperidinium) polymers with pendant cationic groups exhibit enhanced performance and durability at relatively high temperatures.

A polyaromatic electrolyte for a fuel cell electrode includes a structure represented by Formula 1, wherein in Formula 1, Ar is a neutral unit represented by one of Formula 2A and Formula 2B: ##STR00001##
The fuel cell electrode may include a catalyst suspended in the polyaromatic electrolyte.

The present disclosure relates to a carbazole-based anion exchange material, a preparation method therefor and use thereof, and more particularly, to an anion exchange material used in membranes for water electrolysis, redox flow batteries, fuel cells, carbon dioxide reduction, electrochemical ammonia production and decomposition, electrodialysis (ED), reverse electrodialysis (RED) or capacitive deionization (CDI), a separator comprising the same, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to prepare a separation membrane with improved mechanical and chemical stability and durability by remarkably improving the molecular weight together with solubility in solvent by providing the anion exchange material in which all bonds between monomers in the main chain are C—C bonds based on the carbazole-based material with high stability.

Hydrocarbon proton exchange membranes are disclosed that are composed of a material including a hydrophobic main chain, and acidic side chains. The main chain includes a polyaryl structure that is substantially free of ether linkages and also includes a fluoromethyl substituted carbon. The acidic side chains include a hydrocarbon tether terminated by a strongly acidic group, such as a fluoroalkyl sulfonate group. Chemical stability of the material is increased by removing the ether linkages from the main chain. The hydrophobic main chain and substantially hydrophilic side chains create a phase-separated morphology that affords enhanced transport of protons and water across the membrane even at low relative humidity levels. These materials are advantageous as membranes for use in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, water hydrolysis systems, sensors, electrochemical hydrogen compressors, actuators, water purifiers, gas separators, etc.

A resist underlayer film forming composition capable of forming a flat film that exhibits high etching resistance, a good dry etching rate ratio and a good optical constant, while having good coverage even with respect to a so-called multileveled substrate and having a small difference in the film thickness after embedding. Also, a method for producing a polymer that is suitable for the resist underlayer film forming composition; a resist underlayer film which uses the resist underlayer film forming composition; and a method for producing a semiconductor device. This resist underlayer film forming composition contains: a reaction product of an aromatic compound (A) that has from 6 to 120 carbon atoms, and a compound that is represented by formula (1); and a solvent.

Embodiments of the invention relate to a novel class of polymers with superior mechanical properties and chemical stability, as compared to known polymers. These polymers are particularly well suited for use in anion exchange membranes (AEMs), including those employed in fuel cells. Novel methods for the manufacture of these polymers are also described.

A resin compound has a structure represented by a chemical formula (I):

##STR00001##

In the chemical formula (I), each R.sup.1 independently represents a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group or a C.sub.7-C.sub.40 alkylarylene group, and R.sup.1 are the same or different from each other; n independently represents an integer of 1-4; each R.sup.2 independently represents a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 terminal alkenyl group, and R.sup.2 are the same or different from each other. When at least one of R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group, at least one of R.sup.2 is a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 terminal alkenyl group.