Simple organic structures, organic/inorganic polymers, and other substrates have been made, all of which have at least one pyrrolidone moiety present, and found to exhibit low toxicity, low complement activation features and may be used to reduce protein interactions with drug conjugates while enhancing in vivo residency times for these conjugates when used as an injectable composition; thus these compounds can be used as substitutes for PEG in PEGaylation. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit unique intrinsic fluorescence (IF) or non-traditional fluorescence (NTF) properties that currently cannot be explained by traditional photochemistry and fluorescence paradigms are described. These compounds have a variety of applications such as in cellular imaging, gene transfection, bio-diagnostics, biosensing, fluorescence directed surgical resections, drug delivery, forensics, environmental diagnostics, mineral/gemstone characterization, counterfeit goods detection, tracer studies related to liquid/water flow, oil field enhancements and diagnostics, prevention of photo-bleaching, and LED display enhancements and others.

Simple organic structures, organic/inorganic polymers, and other substrates have been made, all of which have at least one pyrrolidone moiety present, and found to exhibit low toxicity, low complement activation features and may be used to reduce protein interactions with drug conjugates while enhancing in vivo residency times for these conjugates when used as an injectable composition; thus these compounds can be used as substitutes for PEG in PEGaylation. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit unique intrinsic fluorescence (IF) or non-traditional fluorescence (NTF) properties that currently cannot be explained by traditional photochemistry and fluorescence paradigms are described. These compounds have a variety of applications such as in cellular imaging, gene transfection, bio-diagnostics, biosensing, fluorescence directed surgical resections, drug delivery, forensics, environmental diagnostics, mineral/gemstone characterization, counterfeit goods detection, tracer studies related to liquid/water flow, oil field enhancements and diagnostics, prevention of photo-bleaching, and LED display enhancements and others.

Simple organic structures, organic/inorganic polymers, and other substrates have been made, all of which have at least one pyrrolidone moiety present, and found to exhibit low toxicity, low complement activation features and may be used to reduce protein interactions with drug conjugates while enhancing in vivo residency times for these conjugates when used as an injectable composition; thus these compounds can be used as substitutes for PEG in PEGaylation. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit unique intrinsic fluorescence (IF) or non-traditional fluorescence (NTF) properties that currently cannot be explained by traditional photochemistry and fluorescence paradigms are described. These compounds have a variety of applications such as in cellular imaging, gene transfection, bio-diagnostics, biosensing, fluorescence directed surgical resections, drug delivery, forensics, environmental diagnostics, mineral/gemstone characterization, counterfeit goods detection, tracer studies related to liquid/water flow, oil field enhancements and diagnostics, prevention of photo-bleaching, and LED display enhancements and others.

Simple organic structures, organic/inorganic polymers, and other substrates have been made, all of which have at least one pyrrolidone moiety present, and found to exhibit low toxicity, low complement activation features and may be used to reduce protein interactions with drug conjugates while enhancing in vivo residency times for these conjugates when used as an injectable composition; thus these compounds can be used as substitutes for PEG in PEGaylation. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit unique intrinsic fluorescence (IF) or non-traditional fluorescence (NTF) properties that currently cannot be explained by traditional photochemistry and fluorescence paradigms are described. These compounds have a variety of applications such as in cellular imaging, gene transfection, bio-diagnostics, biosensing, fluorescence directed surgical resections, drug delivery, forensics, environmental diagnostics, mineral/gemstone characterization, counterfeit goods detection, tracer studies related to liquid/water flow, oil field enhancements and diagnostics, prevention of photo-bleaching, and LED display enhancements and others.

A formulation consisting of a food-grade dye and a plant aroma cocktail is uptaken by plants and flowers and fruit. The improved aroma profile and color make the plant or it's flowers or it's fruit more desirable for consumption or viewing with an enhanced aroma.

Free radical scavengers, especially those that require the presence of oxygen, are useful in extending the life of photochromic, thermochromic, electrochromic, radiochromic, magnetochromic, photo-electrochromic and similar dyes. Particularly, preferred scavengers are the quinones be it O, M or p- and, most preferably, either the ortho, meta or para-hydroquinone. The so-enhanced dye can be used as a coating or cast as a film.

Free radical scavengers, especially those that require the presence of oxygen, are useful in extending the life of photochromic, thermochromic, electrochromic, radiochromic, magnetochromic, photo-electrochromic and similar dyes. Particularly, preferred scavengers are the quinones be it O, M or p- and, most preferably, either the ortho, meta or para-hydroquinone. The so-enhanced dye can be used as a coating or cast as a film.