Phenotypically modified bioengineered microbial spores are provided. The microbial spores may be used in various spore-based technologies such as probiotics, biomaterials and vaccines.

A liquid sporulation method is described. A liquid culture is prepared by adding bacterial cells to a sporulation broth. The liquid culture is incubated. Spores are harvested from the incubated liquid culture by separating the spores from a culture supernatant. In some embodiments, the harvested spores are suspended in an aqueous medium to form a spore suspension. At least a portion of the culture supernatant is combined with the spore suspension.

A liquid sporulation method is described. A liquid culture is prepared by adding bacterial cells to a sporulation broth. The liquid culture is incubated. Spores are harvested from the incubated liquid culture by separating the spores from a culture supernatant. In some embodiments, the harvested spores are suspended in an aqueous medium to form a spore suspension. At least a portion of the culture supernatant is combined with the spore suspension.

A liquid sporulation method is described. A first liquid culture is prepared by adding bacterial cells to a sporulation broth, wherein an optical density (OD.sub.600) of the first liquid culture is in a range of 0.001 to 0.01. The first liquid culture is incubated and an optical density (OD.sub.600) thereof is increased to be in a range of 0.2 to 2.0. Second liquid culture is prepared by adding the incubated first liquid culture to a predetermined amount of additional sporulation broth, wherein an optical density (OD.sub.600) of the second liquid culture is in the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and a ratio of a volume of the second liquid culture to a volume of the first liquid culture is in a range of 10:1 to 150:1. The second liquid culture is incubated so an optical density (OD.sub.600) thereof is increased to be in a range of 1.0 to 4.0.

A liquid sporulation method is described. A first liquid culture is prepared by adding bacterial cells to a sporulation broth, wherein an optical density (OD.sub.600) of the first liquid culture is in a range of 0.001 to 0.01. The first liquid culture is incubated and an optical density (OD.sub.600) thereof is increased to be in a range of 0.2 to 2.0. Second liquid culture is prepared by adding the incubated first liquid culture to a predetermined amount of additional sporulation broth, wherein an optical density (OD.sub.600) of the second liquid culture is in the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and a ratio of a volume of the second liquid culture to a volume of the first liquid culture is in a range of 10:1 to 150:1. The second liquid culture is incubated so an optical density (OD.sub.600) thereof is increased to be in a range of 1.0 to 4.0.

The present invention provides a method for producing a fermentation product by culturing recombinant exosporium-producing Bacillus cells that express a fusion protein of interest on the exosporium in a medium containing sources of carbon and nitrogen in a total concentration of at least 20 g/L, resulting in a fermentation broth containing a high titer of the recombinant Bacillus spores.

The present invention provides a method for producing a fermentation product by culturing recombinant exosporium-producing Bacillus cells that express a fusion protein of interest on the exosporium in a medium containing sources of carbon and nitrogen in a total concentration of at least 20 g/L, resulting in a fermentation broth containing a high titer of the recombinant Bacillus spores.

Described herein is biological barcodes that can be associated with physical articles for use in functioning as a unique identifier.

Described herein is biological barcodes that can be associated with physical articles for use in functioning as a unique identifier.

Systems and methods for recycling of organic waste to produce lactic acid by fermentation are provided, which utilize dried or partially-dried compositions of spores of the lactic acid-producing bacterium Bacillus coagulans.