The present disclosure relates to a sensor element for a potentiometric sensor, comprising a substrate formed from a metal alloy and an ion-selective enamel layer arranged on the substrate, wherein the metal alloy comprises at least one transition metal and wherein the ion-selective enamel layer contains a proportion of an oxide of the transition metal, and wherein an electrically conductive transition zone is arranged between the substrate and the enamel layer and contains the transition metal in a plurality of different oxidation states.

A method for manufacturing a glass lining product including: a step of forming a ground coat layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm composed of one layer or a plurality of layers by applying a first glaze on a surface of a metal substrate and firing the first glaze; a step of forming an intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.4 to 1.1 mm composed of one layer or a plurality of layers by applying a second glaze on the ground coat layer and firing the second glaze; and a step of forming a cover coat layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 1.3 mm composed of one layer or a plurality of layers by applying a third glaze on the intermediate layer and firing the third glaze.

An enamel composition having improved cleaning performance, a method of preparing the enamel composition, and a cooking device having the enamel composition are disclosed. The enamel composition includes glass frit and a metal oxide catalyst, wherein the metal oxide catalyst includes at least one of a unary metal oxide or a binary metal oxide, thereby allowing cleaning at room temperature while exhibiting good fouling resistance to allow easy removal of oil contaminants, such as chicken fat.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for in-line thermal flattening and enameling of steel sheets. The systems and methods include an in-line thermal flattening of a feed stock steel sheet and a subsequent enamel coating of the steel sheet. The resulting enamel coated steel sheet has improved flatness compared with other coated steel sheets that are enamel coated but do not undergo the in-line thermal flattening. The systems and methods allow the use of less expensive source materials without sacrificing quality in the finished enameled product.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for in-line thermal flattening and enameling of steel sheets. The systems and methods include an in-line thermal flattening of a feed stock steel sheet and a subsequent enamel coating of the steel sheet. The resulting enamel coated steel sheet has improved flatness compared with other coated steel sheets that are enamel coated but do not undergo the in-line thermal flattening. The systems and methods allow the use of less expensive source materials without sacrificing quality in the finished enameled product.

A method of producing an enamel coating for a cylinder bore in a cylinder block of an internal combustion engine is provided. The method also provides for coating a cast iron gray cylinder block with an enamel coating.

A method for producing a glass-like protective layer on an optionally pre-coated metal or glass substrate. The method comprises: (a) mixing one or more defined silicon compounds with NaOH and KOH, (b) adding water to the mixture obtained in (a) to hydrolyze the silicon compound(s), (c) adding at least one defined compound of formula MY.sub.m,
where M is Pb, Ti, Zr, Al or B, to the hydrolyzed mixture obtained in (b), wherein the molar ratio M/Si is from 0.01/1 to 0.04/1, to obtain a coating sol, (d) applying the coating sol obtained in (c) to the substrate, and (e) thermal densification of the coating sol applied in d) at a temperature of from 300° C. to 500° C. to form the glass-like protective layer.

A method for producing a glass-like protective layer on an optionally pre-coated metal or glass substrate. The method comprises: (a) mixing one or more defined silicon compounds with NaOH and KOH, (b) adding water to the mixture obtained in (a) to hydrolyze the silicon compound(s), (c) adding at least one defined compound of formula MY.sub.m,
where M is Pb, Ti, Zr, Al or B, to the hydrolyzed mixture obtained in (b), wherein the molar ratio M/Si is from 0.01/1 to 0.04/1, to obtain a coating sol, (d) applying the coating sol obtained in (c) to the substrate, and (e) thermal densification of the coating sol applied in d) at a temperature of from 300° C. to 500° C. to form the glass-like protective layer.

A ground coat enamel composition for production of an adhesion promoter layer between steel and at least one cover coat enamel for production of an enamel-based coating that is highly corrosion-resistant with respect to mechanical, thermal and chemical effects. The ground coat enamel composition includes boron oxide (B.sub.2O.sub.3) and alkali metal oxide(s), especially Li.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O and/or K.sub.2O, in percentage proportions by weight: a first main constituent, SiO.sub.2 from 35-70%, preferably 40-65%, and, as a second main constituent, from Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-28%, preferably in the range from 7-23% and particularly 8%-15% by weight. Also disclosed is a ground coat enamel layer produced from such a ground coat enamel composition. A highly corrosion-resistant article having such a ground coat enamel layer. A method for producing such a ground coat enamel layer and also a method for producing a highly corrosion-resistant article using such a ground coat enamel composition.

A ground coat enamel composition for production of an adhesion promoter layer between steel and at least one cover coat enamel for production of an enamel-based coating that is highly corrosion-resistant with respect to mechanical, thermal and chemical effects. The ground coat enamel composition includes boron oxide (B.sub.2O.sub.3) and alkali metal oxide(s), especially Li.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O and/or K.sub.2O, in percentage proportions by weight: a first main constituent, SiO.sub.2 from 35-70%, preferably 40-65%, and, as a second main constituent, from Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5-28%, preferably in the range from 7-23% and particularly 8%-15% by weight. Also disclosed is a ground coat enamel layer produced from such a ground coat enamel composition. A highly corrosion-resistant article having such a ground coat enamel layer. A method for producing such a ground coat enamel layer and also a method for producing a highly corrosion-resistant article using such a ground coat enamel composition.