A heating element includes a matrix material and a nanomaterial filler, wherein the nanomaterial filler includes at least one of a nano-sheet and a nanorod.

A coating composition may include a glass frit including Phosphorus Oxide (P.sub.2O.sub.5), Silicon Oxide (SiO.sub.2), Boron Oxide (B.sub.2O.sub.3), a group I-based metal oxide, Barium Oxide (BaO), Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Titanium Oxide (TiO2), Stannous Oxide (SnO), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), and an adhesion enhancement component. The P.sub.2O.sub.5 may be included by about 40 wt % to about 55 wt % based on a total weight of the glass frit. The SiO.sub.2 may be included by about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit. The B.sub.2O.sub.3 may be included by about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit. The group I-based metal oxide may be included by about 3 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit. The ZnO may be included by about 10 wt % to about 25 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit, and the TiO.sub.2 may be included by about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit.

A method of making a sanitary basin. The method has the steps of providing a steel basin body, coating a face of the body with a layer of enamel, and burning macroscopic structures into the enamel coating with a laser beam. The structures are interconnected, for example forming a channel network.

A coating composition may include a glass frit including Phosphorus Oxide (P.sub.2O.sub.5), Silicon Oxide (SiO.sub.2), Boron Oxide (B.sub.2O.sub.3), a group I-based metal oxide, Barium Oxide (BaO), Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Titanium Oxide (TiO2), Stannous Oxide (SnO), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), and an adhesion enhancement component. The P.sub.2O.sub.5 may be included by about 40 wt % to about 55 wt % based on a total weight of the glass frit. The SiO.sub.2 may be included by about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit. The B.sub.2O.sub.3 may be included by about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit. The group I-based metal oxide may be included by about 3 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit. The ZnO may be included by about 10 wt % to about 25 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit, and the TiO.sub.2 may be included by about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the glass frit.

A method for heat-treating a component which consists of a metal alloy, in which or on which at least one surface section is coated with a glaze or enamel coating, includes heating the component to a heating temperature which at least equals a minimum quenching temperature, and quenching the component starting from a temperature which at least equals the minimum quenching temperature in order to produce a higher-strength microstructure in the component. The components can be heat-treated such that the glaze or enamel coating is reliably prevented from chipping. The glaze or enamel coating is pre-cooled to a pre-cooling temperature at least on its free surface prior to quenching, said pre-cooling temperature maximally corresponding to the temperature at which the glaze or enamel coating begins to soften, and wherein the cooling rate at which the glaze or enamel coating is cooled is lower than the cooling rate during quenching.

A method for heat-treating a component which consists of a metal alloy, in which or on which at least one surface section is coated with a glaze or enamel coating, includes heating the component to a heating temperature which at least equals a minimum quenching temperature, and quenching the component starting from a temperature which at least equals the minimum quenching temperature in order to produce a higher-strength microstructure in the component. The components can be heat-treated such that the glaze or enamel coating is reliably prevented from chipping. The glaze or enamel coating is pre-cooled to a pre-cooling temperature at least on its free surface prior to quenching, said pre-cooling temperature maximally corresponding to the temperature at which the glaze or enamel coating begins to soften, and wherein the cooling rate at which the glaze or enamel coating is cooled is lower than the cooling rate during quenching.

The present disclosure relates to a wheel hub unit of a motor vehicle and to a method for producing such a wheel hub unit. The wheel hub unit includes a wheel hub and a contact flange firmly connected to the wheel hub. The contact flange includes a plurality of fastening elements for fastening a wheel rim, as well as a contact surface which is intended to come into mechanical contact, at least in part, with a brake hat of a brake disk when the brake disk is in the mounted state. At least part of the contact surface is provided with a thermally insulating coating. Alternatively, the entire contact surface is provided with the thermally insulating coating.

A manufacturing process of a heat-resisting glass or enamel coating of a thermally insulated container chamber is described. The process comprises selecting a thermally insulated metal container body, and performing sand blasting to a chamber surface of the body such that the chamber surface becomes a rough surface. The process comprises spraying a glass or enamel glazing material on the rough surface of the body and drying the glazing material on the rough surface. The process comprises placing a dried body on a bracket and sintering the dried body. After sintering is performed, the process comprises removing the body from the bracket. Using this disclosure the chemical properties of the glass coating or enamel coating are relatively stable, so corrosion will not occur. Because the thermal expansion and cold contraction are relatively small, the coating is suitable for manufacturing thermally insulated containers such as thermally insulated cups.

A manufacturing process of a heat-resisting glass or enamel coating of a thermally insulated container chamber is described. The process comprises selecting a thermally insulated metal container body, and performing sand blasting to a chamber surface of the body such that the chamber surface becomes a rough surface. The process comprises spraying a glass or enamel glazing material on the rough surface of the body and drying the glazing material on the rough surface. The process comprises placing a dried body on a bracket and sintering the dried body. After sintering is performed, the process comprises removing the body from the bracket. Using this disclosure the chemical properties of the glass coating or enamel coating are relatively stable, so corrosion will not occur. Because the thermal expansion and cold contraction are relatively small, the coating is suitable for manufacturing thermally insulated containers such as thermally insulated cups.

A metal component which has a face which during use is thermally or mechanically more highly loaded than the environment thereof and which is at least partially covered with a glaze or enamel layer and a method for the production thereof. The metal component requires no specific limitations during the thermal processing operation and nonetheless ensures optimum protection for the surfaces which are highly loaded during use. The glaze or enamel layer contains, with respect to the enamel frit used to produce the enamel coating, from 2 to 35% by weight of an admixture of particles which consist of at least one material from glass, organic plastics materials, and synthetic oxide mixtures or melts, which each have a thermal expansion coefficient of a maximum of 5010.sup.7 K.sup.1 and a melting temperature of at least 500 C.