Palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)—H arylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids, amides and ketones with BNA-encoded aryl iodides in water is disclosed, Furthermore, sequential C—H arylation chemistry enabled the on-DNA synthesis of structurally-diverse scaffolds containing enriched C(sp3) character, chiral centers, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and heterocycles. That new chemistry permits preparation of a DNA—encoded library (BEL) technology that can dramatically expedite hit identification in drug discovery owing to its ability to perform protein affinity selection with millions or billions of molecules in a single experiment. The sequential functionalization of multiple C—H bonds provides an unique avenue for creating diversity and complexity from simple starting materials. The use of water as solvent, the presence of DMA, and the extremely low concentration of DMA-encoded coupling partners (0.001 M) have previously hampered the development DMA-encoded C(sp3)—H activation reactions, but many of those hurdles have now been overcome.

Palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)—H arylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids, amides and ketones with BNA-encoded aryl iodides in water is disclosed, Furthermore, sequential C—H arylation chemistry enabled the on-DNA synthesis of structurally-diverse scaffolds containing enriched C(sp3) character, chiral centers, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and heterocycles. That new chemistry permits preparation of a DNA—encoded library (BEL) technology that can dramatically expedite hit identification in drug discovery owing to its ability to perform protein affinity selection with millions or billions of molecules in a single experiment. The sequential functionalization of multiple C—H bonds provides an unique avenue for creating diversity and complexity from simple starting materials. The use of water as solvent, the presence of DMA, and the extremely low concentration of DMA-encoded coupling partners (0.001 M) have previously hampered the development DMA-encoded C(sp3)—H activation reactions, but many of those hurdles have now been overcome.

Provided herein are polypeptides that bind to a transferrin receptor, methods of generating such polypeptides, and methods of using the polypeptides to target a composition to a transferrin receptor-expressing cell.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

Provided herein are methods for preparing a sequencing library that includes nucleic acids from a plurality of single cells. In one embodiment, the sequencing library includes whole genome nucleic acids from the plurality of single cells. In one embodiment, the method includes generating nucleosome-depleted nuclei by chemical treatment while maintaining integrity of the nuclei. Also provided herein are compositions, such as compositions that include chemically treated nucleosome-depleted isolated nuclei.

Provided herein is technology relating to sensors for detecting an analyte and particularly, but not exclusively, to liquid crystal sensors, methods of producing liquid crystal sensors, and methods of using liquid crystal sensors.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

The invention relates to a method for analysing ribonucleic acid (RNA) interactions comprising: a) cross-linking base-paired nucleotides of at least one RNA molecule and/or at least one pair of RNA molecules using a tagged, reversible cross-linking agent (preferably tagged-psoralen) under ultraviolet irradiation; b) fragmenting the said cross-linked RNA molecule(s); c) using said tag to extract said cross-linked RNA fragment(s); d) ligating the said cross-linked RNA fragment(s) to produce cross-linked ligated RNA chimera(s); e) reversing the cross-linking of the said agent to the said RNA molecule(s); f) preparing a sequence library by sequencing the ligated RNA chimera molecule(s) or pair(s); and g) analysing the sequence library to determine RNA interactions. Also disclosed is a method of studying a subject by analysing RNA interactions and attributing them to a clinical picture, or a drug discovery method by attributing an efficacy score to the drug based upon determined RNA interactions.

The invention relates to a method for analysing ribonucleic acid (RNA) interactions comprising: a) cross-linking base-paired nucleotides of at least one RNA molecule and/or at least one pair of RNA molecules using a tagged, reversible cross-linking agent (preferably tagged-psoralen) under ultraviolet irradiation; b) fragmenting the said cross-linked RNA molecule(s); c) using said tag to extract said cross-linked RNA fragment(s); d) ligating the said cross-linked RNA fragment(s) to produce cross-linked ligated RNA chimera(s); e) reversing the cross-linking of the said agent to the said RNA molecule(s); f) preparing a sequence library by sequencing the ligated RNA chimera molecule(s) or pair(s); and g) analysing the sequence library to determine RNA interactions. Also disclosed is a method of studying a subject by analysing RNA interactions and attributing them to a clinical picture, or a drug discovery method by attributing an efficacy score to the drug based upon determined RNA interactions.

Various approaches for generating read-sets from nucleic acid molecules and segments and phasing are disclosed. Nucleic acids are assembled into complexes using binding moieties and exposed nucleic acid ends are tagged with nucleic acid tags. Read-sets can be generated from tagged nucleic acid molecules and segments. Physical linkage relationships between nucleic acid molecules and segments can be examined using the nucleic acid tags. Various approaches to generating read-sets and phasing are presented.