According to the embodiment of the present disclosure, it provides a method of manufacturing a piston of a pump for brake system, the piston fabricated using a piercing process by press forming to have an inlet path communicating with a suction port through which oil is introduced.

A cylinder head includes a plurality of exhaust ports provided corresponding to a plurality of cylinders, and configured to converge outlets of the exhaust ports inside the cylinder head, at least one of the exhaust ports not being provided with a water jacket there above, and a pair of oil passages arranged so as to sandwich the at least one of the exhaust ports above which the water jacket is not provided. An inclined surface provided on an upper surface of the cylinder head and positioned between the pair of oil passages, the inclined surface being inclined from one oil passage, of the pair of oil passages, toward the other oil passage.

A gas cylinder actuator with overtravel safety device, comprising a tubular jacket for gas containment, which is closed hermetically at one end by a bottom provided with a gas filling valve and at the opposite end by a head portion, which is provided with a hole for the passage of a stem with a piston, the jacket, the bottom and the piston forming the gas expansion and compression chamber. The head portion comprises an annular body, which is fixed internally to the jacket, and is provided with a central hole for the passage of the stem with the interposition of dynamic sealing elements, static sealing elements being interposed between the annular body and the jacket and an element for controlling the descending motion of a slider of a press with which the actuator is associated being provided and protruding from the annular body or from the jacket, the control element being preset to selectively move or break or deform in order to break or deform or render ineffective in general the static and dynamic sealing elements.

A gas cylinder actuator with overtravel safety device, comprising a tubular jacket for gas containment, which is closed hermetically at one end by a bottom provided with a gas filling valve and at the opposite end by a head portion, which is provided with a hole for the passage of a stem with a piston, the jacket, the bottom and the piston forming the gas expansion and compression chamber. The head portion comprises an annular body, which is fixed internally to the jacket, and is provided with a central hole for the passage of the stem with the interposition of dynamic sealing elements, static sealing elements being interposed between the annular body and the jacket and an element for controlling the descending motion of a slider of a press with which the actuator is associated being provided and protruding from the annular body or from the jacket, the control element being preset to selectively move or break or deform in order to break or deform or render ineffective in general the static and dynamic sealing elements.

A cast iron having high strength, hardness, and thermal conductivity for a cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine is provided. The cast iron includes 3.2 wt. % to 3.8 wt. % carbon, 2.2 wt. % to 3.2 wt. % silicon, 0.5 wt. % to 1.3 wt. % copper, and at least 75.0 wt. % iron, based on the total weight of the cast iron. The cast iron further includes 0.01 wt. % to 0.5 wt. % manganese, 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % chromium, up to 0.3 wt. % phosphorous, up to 0.05 wt. % sulfur, up to 0.2 wt. % tin, and up to 0.1 wt. % magnesium, based on the total weight of the cast iron. Preferably, the cast iron is free of molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium. The cast iron is also heat treated and solidifies to achieve fully spheroidal graphite.

An arrangement for converting thermal energy from lost heat of an internal combustion engine into mechanical energy where a working circuit is provided for a working medium which can be heated and evaporated using the lost heat. An expansion machine for obtaining mechanical energy from the heat of the working medium is provided in the working circuit where the working circuit extends through a heat exchanger mounted upstream of the expansion engine in the flow direction of the working medium. The internal combustion engine includes a cylinder having a cylinder liner. A cooling duct is provided in the cylinder liner through which the working medium flows. The cylinder liner is formed by centrifugal casting where the cooling duct is introduced into one centrifugal mold as an insert prior to the centrifugal casting.

An arrangement for converting thermal energy from lost heat of an internal combustion engine into mechanical energy where a working circuit is provided for a working medium which can be heated and evaporated using the lost heat. An expansion machine for obtaining mechanical energy from the heat of the working medium is provided in the working circuit where the working circuit extends through a heat exchanger mounted upstream of the expansion engine in the flow direction of the working medium. The internal combustion engine includes a cylinder having a cylinder liner. A cooling duct is provided in the cylinder liner through which the working medium flows. The cylinder liner is formed by centrifugal casting where the cooling duct is introduced into one centrifugal mold as an insert prior to the centrifugal casting.

A piston (6) is hermetically inserted via a sealing member (7) in a cylinder hole (2) provided in a housing (1) so that the piston (6) is movable in an up-down direction. A communication passage (21) provided in an inner peripheral wall of the cylinder hole (2) is communicatively connected to a lock-side supply and discharge passage (13) through which pressurized oil is supplied to and discharged from a lock chamber (11) of the housing (1). An opening area (S.sub.1) of the communication passage (21) is designed to be smaller than an opening area (S.sub.2) of the lock-side supply and discharge passage (13). When the piston (6) is caused to move for releasing from a raised position to a lower limit position, the sealing member (7) is lowered from the raised position beyond the communication passage (21), to open communication between a release chamber (12) in the housing (1) and the lock-side supply and discharge passage (13) via the communication passage (21).

A piston (6) is hermetically inserted via a sealing member (7) in a cylinder hole (2) provided in a housing (1) so that the piston (6) is movable in an up-down direction. A communication passage (21) provided in an inner peripheral wall of the cylinder hole (2) is communicatively connected to a lock-side supply and discharge passage (13) through which pressurized oil is supplied to and discharged from a lock chamber (11) of the housing (1). An opening area (S.sub.1) of the communication passage (21) is designed to be smaller than an opening area (S.sub.2) of the lock-side supply and discharge passage (13). When the piston (6) is caused to move for releasing from a raised position to a lower limit position, the sealing member (7) is lowered from the raised position beyond the communication passage (21), to open communication between a release chamber (12) in the housing (1) and the lock-side supply and discharge passage (13) via the communication passage (21).

A piston (6) is hermetically inserted via a sealing member (7) in a cylinder hole (2) provided in a housing (1) so that the piston (6) is movable in an up-down direction. A communication passage (21) provided in an inner peripheral wall of the cylinder hole (2) is communicatively connected to a lock-side supply and discharge passage (13) through which pressurized oil is supplied to and discharged from a lock chamber (11) of the housing (1). An opening area (S.sub.1) of the communication passage (21) is designed to be smaller than an opening area (S.sub.2) of the lock-side supply and discharge passage (13). When the piston (6) is caused to move for releasing from a raised position to a lower limit position, the sealing member (7) is lowered from the raised position beyond the communication passage (21), to open communication between a release chamber (12) in the housing (1) and the lock-side supply and discharge passage (13) via the communication passage (21).