Systems for measuring a concentration of a target species include a first and second tunable diode laser generating laser light at a respective first and second wavelength each corresponding to respective absorption lines of the target species. A first optical fiber is optically coupled to the first tunable diode laser, and does not support a fundamental mode at the second wavelength. A second optical fiber is coupled to the second tunable diode laser and does not support a fundamental mode at the first wavelength. A fiber bundle includes respective distal ends of the first and second optical fibers, which are stripped of their respective coatings and arranged with their claddings adjacent to each other. A pitch head is configured to project respective optical beams from the fiber bundle through a measurement zone. A catch head located across the measurement zone receives the projected beams and directs them to a sensor.

Measuring a concentration of at least one target species is described. A first and second tunable diode laser are configured to generate laser light at a respective wavelength different from one another. A pitch head comprising a transmitting optic is optically coupled to the first and second tunable diode lasers via distal ends of the first and second optical fibers, and is oriented to project respective beams from each of the first and second distal ends through a measurement zone. A photodetector is configured to detect an optical power of light in the first and second wavelengths. A catch head located across the measurement zone from the pitch head is in optical communication with the pitch head to receive the respective beams from the first and second distal ends and direct the respective beams to the photodetector.

A system for flare combustion control includes a sound speed measurement device for measuring sound speed in a flare vent gas, and a flare combustion controller including a memory and a processor. The processor is configured to receive the measured sound speed and determine, based on the measured sound speed, a molecular weight of the flare vent gas. The processor is further configured to determine, based on the determined molecular weight, a net heating value of the flare vent gas, and adjust the net heating value of the flare vent gas by regulating an amount of a supplemental fuel gas in the flare vent gas.

A chemical plant may include one or more fired heaters for heating of process streams. A fired heater may include a direct-fired heat exchanger that uses the hot gases of combustion to raise the temperature of a process fluid feed flowing through tubes positioned within the heater. Fired heaters may deliver feed at a predetermined temperature to the next stage of the reaction process or perform reactions such as thermal cracking. Systems and methods are disclosed to optimize the performance of fired heaters or reduce energy consumption of fired heaters.

An online pulverized coal concentration regulator is mounted at a front end of a pulverized coal pipe, and a pulverized coal concentration detector is arranged in the pipe. The regulator includes a control system, and an output of the concentration detector is connected with a signal input end of the control system. The regulator includes a top plate, a regulating rod, and a powder baffle plate. A mounting hole for fixedly mounting the front end of the pipe and a through hole for the powder baffle plate to penetrate through are arranged in the top plate, and a connector is arranged between the regulating rod and the powder baffle plate. The regulator includes a guider slidably connected with the powder baffle plate and fixedly connected with the top plate, and a diversion plate arranged on the top plate and slidably connected with the powder baffle plate.

A device for controlling a fuel-oxidizer mixture for a premix gas burner includes: an intake duct, including an inlet, a mixing zone, and a delivery outlet; an injection duct; a gas regulating valve, located along the injection duct; a fan, located in the intake duct to generate therein a flow of the oxidizer fluid or of the mixture; a control unit, configured for generating drive signals; a sensor unit, configured to detect a first differential pressure, between a first detecting section, located in the intake duct upstream of the mixing zone in the direction of inflow and a second detecting section, located in the intake duct downstream of the mixing zone in the direction of inflow, and configured to detect a second differential pressure, between the first detecting section and a third detecting section, located in the injection duct between the gas regulating valve and the mixing zone.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The combustion simulation system can be performed using a computing device operated by a computer user or artist. The computer-implemented method of simulating a combustion process includes receiving a set of data representing a fluid flow. The fluid flow can include combustion precursors. The method includes simulating a chemical reaction representing simulated combustion of these precursors generating combustion byproducts. The method can include determining a change in temperature of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, determining a change in molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, determining a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass, and generating data structures of the simulated combustion based on values of the fluid flow.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The system receives data representing a fluid flow. The data includes a plurality of combustion precursors, including at least one arbitrary combustion precursor that may not correspond to a physically realizable material. The system simulates a chemical combustion reaction involving the plurality of combustion precursors and generating combustion byproducts. The system determines a change in temperature and a molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, and determines a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass. The system then generates one or more data structures of the simulated combustion based on at least a portion of the fluid flow.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The combustion simulation system can be performed using a computing device operated by a computer user or artist. The computer-implemented method of simulating a combustion process includes receiving a set of data representing a fluid flow. The fluid flow can include combustion precursors comprising at least one arbitrary combustion precursor. The method includes simulating a chemical reaction representing simulated combustion involving the at least one arbitrary combustion precursor and generating combustion byproducts. The method can include determining a change in temperature of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, determining a change in molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, determining a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass, and generating data structures of the simulated combustion based on values of the fluid flow.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The combustion simulation system can be performed using a computing device operated by a computer user or artist. The system may include a computer-readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by at least one processor, cause the system to receive data representing a fluid flow. The data includes a plurality of combustion precursors, including at least one arbitrary combustion precursor that may not correspond to a physically realizable material. The system simulates a chemical combustion reaction involving the plurality of combustion precursors and generating combustion byproducts. The system determines a change in temperature and a molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, and determines a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass. The system then generates one or more data structures of the simulated combustion based on at least a portion of the fluid flow.