A process fluid temperature measurement system includes a thermowell configured to couple to a process fluid conduit and extend through a wall of the process fluid conduit. A temperature sensor assembly is disposed within the thermowell and includes a first temperature sensitive element and a second temperature sensitive element. The first temperature sensitive element is disposed within the thermowell adjacent a distal end of the thermowell. The second temperature sensitive element is spaced apart from the first temperature sensitive element along a spacer having a known thermal conductivity. Transmitter circuitry is coupled to the first and second temperature sensitive elements and is configured to perform a heat flux calculation to provide a process fluid temperature output.

An energy beam profiler and calorimeter (EPC) includes a target surface configured to receive an impinging energy beam to be profiled by the EPC and generate heat in response to the energy beam. The EPC also includes one or more first oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) arranged to transfer the heat away from a location at which the impinging energy beam strikes the target surface of the EPC. Other features are also provided.

A nanocalorimeter device includes a substrate having test cells, each test cell comprising a sample location. Each sample location includes a reaction surface suitable for an enthalpic reaction of constituents of liquid droplets, droplet movement and configured to merge the droplets, and a layer of thermochromic material thermally coupled to the reaction surface. The thermochromic material is configured to exhibit a spectral shift in light emanating from the thermochromic material in response to a change in temperature of the merged droplets.

Methods of fabricating fiber structures with embedded sensors are provided. The method includes obtaining a scaffold fiber and forming, by 1½-D printing using laser induced chemical vapor deposition, circuitry on the scaffold fiber to provide a fiber structure with embedded sensor. The forming includes printing a solid state oscillator about the scaffold fiber, and printing a sensing device about the scaffold fiber electrically coupled to the solid state oscillator to effect, at least in part, oscillations of the solid state oscillator. The forming further includes printing an antenna about the scaffold fiber electrically connected to the solid state oscillator to facilitate in operation wireless transmitting of a signal from the fiber structure with embedded sensor.

Methods of fabricating fiber structures with embedded sensors are provided. The method includes obtaining a scaffold fiber and forming, by 1½-D printing using laser induced chemical vapor deposition, circuitry on the scaffold fiber to provide a fiber structure with embedded sensor. The forming includes printing a solid state oscillator about the scaffold fiber, and printing a sensing device about the scaffold fiber electrically coupled to the solid state oscillator to effect, at least in part, oscillations of the solid state oscillator. The forming further includes printing an antenna about the scaffold fiber electrically connected to the solid state oscillator to facilitate in operation wireless transmitting of a signal from the fiber structure with embedded sensor.

The present invention discloses a multi-screen supporting device in a high-temperature adiabatic calorimeter, and belongs to a calorimeter device in calorimetry. The multi-screen supporting device comprises a vacuum tank, three layers of protecting screens, two layers of thermal insulation screens, a protecting screen supporter for supporting and fixing the protecting screens, a thermal insulation screen supporter for supporting and fixing the thermal insulation screens, and a connecting piece for connecting and fixing the protecting screen supporter and the thermal insulation screen supporter. The multi-screen supporting mode in the high-temperature calorimeter solves the problems of time consumption for disassembling and assembling, low multi-screen assembling coaxiality and reduced experimental repeatability caused by many parts moved in each disassembling and assembling in the existing high-temperature calorimeter. The multi-screen supporting mode is easy in part processing, high in disassembling and assembling efficiency and convenient in operation, and effectively improves the experimental repeatability.

The present invention discloses a multi-screen supporting device in a high-temperature adiabatic calorimeter, and belongs to a calorimeter device in calorimetry. The multi-screen supporting device comprises a vacuum tank, three layers of protecting screens, two layers of thermal insulation screens, a protecting screen supporter for supporting and fixing the protecting screens, a thermal insulation screen supporter for supporting and fixing the thermal insulation screens, and a connecting piece for connecting and fixing the protecting screen supporter and the thermal insulation screen supporter. The multi-screen supporting mode in the high-temperature calorimeter solves the problems of time consumption for disassembling and assembling, low multi-screen assembling coaxiality and reduced experimental repeatability caused by many parts moved in each disassembling and assembling in the existing high-temperature calorimeter. The multi-screen supporting mode is easy in part processing, high in disassembling and assembling efficiency and convenient in operation, and effectively improves the experimental repeatability.

A thermal sensor in some embodiments comprises two temperature-sensitive branches, each including a thermal-sensing device, such as one or more bipolar-junction transistors, and a current source for generating a current density in the thermal-sensing device to generate a temperature-dependent signal. The thermal sensor further includes a signal processor configured to multiply the temperature-dependent signal from the branches by respective and different gain factors, and combine the resultant signals to generate an output signal that is substantially proportional to the absolute temperature the thermal sensor is disposed at.

A differential scanning calorimetry sensor, comprises a substrate; a heater trace comprising a conductive material, on the substrate; an encapsulation layer, on the substrate and on the heater trace; and a sample heating area, which is on the heater trace. The heater trace has a thickness of 50 to 1000 nm, a width of 1 to 100 pm, and a path length of 5 to 500 mm. Also described are a sample holder, a sensor enclosure and a thermal analysis sensor system.

A detector of electromagnetic radiation (RL) is described. The detector comprises: an oriented polycrystalline layer (2) of thermoelectric material, a substrate (1) superimposed on the top surface of the oriented polycrystalline layer so that the back surface (10) is in contact with the oriented polycrystalline layer, first and second electrodes spaced the one from the other and in electrical contact with the oriented polycrystalline layer. The substrate comprises at least one ceramic layer and the oriented polycrystalline layer has a crystal orientation at an angle comprised between 30 degrees and 55 degrees relative to a normal to the top surface of the substrate.