A method of counting the number of puffs using an aerosol generating device is disclosed. The may include obtaining a first start time which is a time when a pressure measured by a sensor included in the aerosol generating device decreases below a first reference pressure value; obtaining a first end time which is a time when the pressure measured by the sensor reaches the first reference pressure value after the first start time; determining whether a first period, which is a period between the first end time and the first start time, is longer than or equal to a first reference period; and increase the number of puffs by one based on the first period being longer than or equal to the first reference period.

Provided is a position estimation device and the like which accurately estimate an occurrence position of a pressure wave. The position estimation device is provided with: a first cross-correlation derivation means for deriving a first cross-correlation relating to a pressure of fluid based on measurement values obtained by measuring a pressure of fluid flowing through a pipeline network at least at two positions in the pipeline network, a second cross-correlation derivation means for deriving a second cross-correlation relating to a pressure of fluid based on calculation values obtained by calculating a pressure of fluid at least at the two positions in the pipeline network, and an estimation means for estimating an occurrence position of a pressure wave based on a difference between the first cross-correlation and the second cross-correlation.

Provided is a position estimation device and the like which accurately estimate an occurrence position of a pressure wave. The position estimation device is provided with: a first cross-correlation derivation means for deriving a first cross-correlation relating to a pressure of fluid based on measurement values obtained by measuring a pressure of fluid flowing through a pipeline network at least at two positions in the pipeline network, a second cross-correlation derivation means for deriving a second cross-correlation relating to a pressure of fluid based on calculation values obtained by calculating a pressure of fluid at least at the two positions in the pipeline network, and an estimation means for estimating an occurrence position of a pressure wave based on a difference between the first cross-correlation and the second cross-correlation.

An internal combustion engine has at least one cylinder wall forming a cylinder, and at least one knock sensor held on a housing element. The knock sensor is fixed to a fastening point of the housing element. An intermediate chamber is provided in the radial direction of the cylinder between at least one section of the cylinder wall and the fastening point of the housing element arranged on a side of the cylinder wall facing away from the cylinder, a distance extending at least in the radial direction of the cylinder being provided as a result. At least one sound transmission bridge extends in the intermediate chamber, bridging the distance from the cylinder wall continuously to the fastening point, via which vibrations, on the basis of which knocking combustion can be detected by the knock sensor, are transferrable from the cylinder wall to the fastening point.

The invention relates to a method for determining an actual value and/or an actual value range of at least one state variable of a fluid in a fluid flow by means of at least one indicator particle (9) introduced into the fluid. In addition it is proposed that the at least one indicator particle (9) is designed and provided for an irreversible property change of an indicator property of the indicator particle (9) in the case of a certain indicator value of the at least one state variable in the fluid flow and/or as a clear function of the actual value when a certain period of time has elapsed after the indicator particle (9) has been introduced into the fluid, wherein the indicator particle (9) is detected at a detection point, the indicator property of the indicator particle (9) is evaluated and the actual value and/or the actual value range of the state variable is inferred from the indicator property upstream of the detection point. The invention also relates to a method for operating a fluid-guiding device (7), an indicator particle (9) and a device (7) for determining the actual value and/or actual value range of the at least one state variable.

The invention relates to a method for determining an actual value and/or an actual value range of at least one state variable of a fluid in a fluid flow by means of at least one indicator particle (9) introduced into the fluid. In addition it is proposed that the at least one indicator particle (9) is designed and provided for an irreversible property change of an indicator property of the indicator particle (9) in the case of a certain indicator value of the at least one state variable in the fluid flow and/or as a clear function of the actual value when a certain period of time has elapsed after the indicator particle (9) has been introduced into the fluid, wherein the indicator particle (9) is detected at a detection point, the indicator property of the indicator particle (9) is evaluated and the actual value and/or the actual value range of the state variable is inferred from the indicator property upstream of the detection point. The invention also relates to a method for operating a fluid-guiding device (7), an indicator particle (9) and a device (7) for determining the actual value and/or actual value range of the at least one state variable.

An Instrumented Spherical Blast Impulse Recording Device (ISBIRD) provides for survivable test measurement of an explosive blast impulse. The ISBIRD includes a spherical housing formed of a metal having a thickness sufficient to survive the explosive blast wave from a test weapon. A test data module of the ISBIRD includes: (i) a three-axis acceleration sensor; (ii) a memory; and (iii) a controller communicatively coupled to the three-axis acceleration sensor and the memory. The controller executes a data acquisition utility to record acceleration data in three-dimensions from the three-axis acceleration sensor during exposure of the spherical housing to the explosive blast wave. An internal support structure of the ISBIRD is attached inside of the spherical housing and attached to the test data module. The internal support structure centrally locates the test data module within the spherical housing during exposure to the explosive blast wave.

An Instrumented Spherical Blast Impulse Recording Device (ISBIRD) provides for survivable test measurement of an explosive blast impulse. The ISBIRD includes a spherical housing formed of a metal having a thickness sufficient to survive the explosive blast wave from a test weapon. A test data module of the ISBIRD includes: (i) a three-axis acceleration sensor; (ii) a memory; and (iii) a controller communicatively coupled to the three-axis acceleration sensor and the memory. The controller executes a data acquisition utility to record acceleration data in three-dimensions from the three-axis acceleration sensor during exposure of the spherical housing to the explosive blast wave. An internal support structure of the ISBIRD is attached inside of the spherical housing and attached to the test data module. The internal support structure centrally locates the test data module within the spherical housing during exposure to the explosive blast wave.

One or more information maps are obtained by an agricultural work machine. The one or more information maps map one or more agricultural characteristic values at different geographic locations of a field. An in-situ sensor on the agricultural work machine senses an agricultural characteristic as the agricultural work machine moves through the field. A predictive map generator generates a predictive map that predicts a predictive agricultural characteristic at different locations in the field based on a relationship between the values in the one or more information maps and the agricultural characteristic sensed by the in-situ sensor. The predictive map can be output and used in automated machine control.

One or more information maps are obtained by an agricultural work machine. The one or more information maps map one or more agricultural characteristic values at different geographic locations of a field. An in-situ sensor on the agricultural work machine senses an agricultural characteristic as the agricultural work machine moves through the field. A predictive map generator generates a predictive map that predicts a predictive agricultural characteristic at different locations in the field based on a relationship between the values in the one or more information maps and the agricultural characteristic sensed by the in-situ sensor. The predictive map can be output and used in automated machine control.