A light modulating device includes a metal layer, a variable resistance material layer above the metal layer and having a plurality of resistance states depending on a voltage applied thereto, and a meta surface layer above the variable resistance material layer and including a nano structure comprising a conductive material and having a sub-wavelength dimension.

Provided are optical modulators and devices including the optical modulators. The optical modulator may include an optical modulation layer that includes a phase change material. A first electrode may be provided on a first surface of the optical modulation layer. A second electrode may be provided on a second surface of the optical modulation layer. A first phase controlling layer may be provided, the first electrode being disposed between the first phase controlling layer and the optical modulation layer. A second phase controlling layer may be provided, the second electrode being disposed between the second phase controlling layer and the optical modulation layer. Each of the first and the second phase controlling layers may have an optical thickness corresponding to an odd multiple of /4, where is a wavelength of incident light to be modulated by the optical modulator. The optical modulator may further include at least one reflective layer. The optical modulation layer may have a thickness of about 10 nm or less. An operating voltage of the optical modulator may be about 10 V or less.

A liquid crystal device as an electro-optical device includes a first insulating layer as a first layer with an insulating property stacked on a base member as a substrate, a trench provided in the first insulating layer for each pixel, a second insulating layer as a second layer stacked on the first insulating layer and having an aperture communicating with the trench, and a retention capacitor as a capacitance element including a first capacitance electrode, a first capacitance insulating film, and a second capacitance electrode which are provided on at least an inner side the trench and the aperture. A layer thickness of the first insulating layer is larger than a layer thickness of the second insulating layer, and a width of the trench is larger than a width of the aperture in the X direction as a first direction.

A light modulating device includes a metal layer, a variable resistance material layer above the metal layer and having a plurality of resistance states depending on a voltage applied thereto, and a meta surface layer above the variable resistance material layer and including a nano structure comprising a conductive material and having a sub-wavelength dimension.

An object of the present invention is to protect exposed inspection pads with a conductive tape when the application of resin is ceased and to enhance the reliability of the inspection pads. A liquid crystal display device is provided with a transparent electrode formed on a superficial side of a CF board, a grounded electrode, an inspection pad and a switching device between the inspection pad and a signal line or a scanning line respectively formed in a terminal area a TFT board and a conductive tape that electrically connects the transparent electrode of the CF board, the grounded electrode and the inspection pad respectively of the TFT board.

A liquid crystal device as an electro-optical device includes a first insulating layer as a first layer with an insulating property stacked on a base member as a substrate, a trench provided in the first insulating layer for each pixel, a second insulating layer as a second layer stacked on the first insulating layer and having an aperture communicating with the trench, and a retention capacitor as a capacitance element including a first capacitance electrode, a first capacitance insulating film, and a second capacitance electrode which are provided on at least an inner side the trench and the aperture. A layer thickness of the first insulating layer is larger than a layer thickness of the second insulating layer, and a width of the trench is larger than a width of the aperture in the X direction as a first direction.

The invention discloses a high temperature and high humidity testing device and a high temperature and high humidity testing system. The high temperature and high humidity testing device comprises: a test platform composed of a work area and a non-work area, the work area is used for carrying a under-test portion of a display panel, and the non-work area is used for carrying a non-test portion of the display panel; and a sealing cover arranged above the work area, wherein the sealing cover and the test platform jointly form a sealed chamber in the work area, the test platform is provided with a gas guide through groove in the work area, and the gas guide through groove is used for delivering high temperature and high humidity gas to the sealed chamber.

Provided are optical modulators and devices including the optical modulators. The optical modulator may include an optical modulation layer that includes a phase change material. A first electrode may be provided on a first surface of the optical modulation layer. A second electrode may be provided on a second surface of the optical modulation layer. A first phase controlling layer may be provided, the first electrode being disposed between the first phase controlling layer and the optical modulation layer. A second phase controlling layer may be provided, the second electrode being disposed between the second phase controlling layer and the optical modulation layer. Each of the first and the second phase controlling layers may have an optical thickness corresponding to an odd multiple of /4, where is a wavelength of incident light to be modulated by the optical modulator. The optical modulator may further include at least one reflective layer. The optical modulation layer may have a thickness of about 10 nm or less. An operating voltage of the optical modulator may be about 10 V or less.

An object of the present invention is to protect exposed inspection pads with a conductive tape when the application of resin is ceased and to enhance the reliability of the inspection pads. A liquid crystal display device is provided with a transparent electrode formed on a superficial side of a CF board, a grounded electrode, an inspection pad and a switching device between the inspection pad and a signal line or a scanning line respectively formed in a terminal area a TFT board and a conductive tape that electrically connects the transparent electrode of the CF board, the grounded electrode and the inspection pad respectively of the TFT board.

An object of the present invention is to protect exposed inspection pads with a conductive tape when the application of resin is ceased and to enhance the reliability of the inspection pads. A liquid crystal display device is provided with a transparent electrode formed on a superficial side of a CF board, a grounded electrode, an inspection pad and a switching device between the inspection pad and a signal line or a scanning line respectively formed in a terminal area a TFT board and a conductive tape that electrically connects the transparent electrode of the CF board, the grounded electrode and the inspection pad respectively of the TFT board.