A scanning candidate route extracting unit which extracts plural candidates of scanning routes in which each of the scanning routes connects all spot positions in one layer is provided, in an evaluation function using necessary scanning time Tk and weight coefficient wk for a kth partial route among partial routes which are routes between the spot positions which are adjacent on one of the plural candidates of scanning routes, and number n of spot in the layer, wk with respect to a partial route which passes through affected tissue is set to be 1, wk with respect to a partial route which passes through normal tissue is set to be bigger than 1, and wk with respect to a partial route which passes through an important internal organ is set to be bigger than wk with respect to a partial route which passes through normal tissue.

A method of excitation transfer to a radioactive source is provided, the radioactive source having a natural radioactive decay rate. The method includes: energizing a stimulatory device coupled to a radioactive source, thereby exciting the radioactive source to decay at an enhanced rate that is higher than the natural radioactive decay rate. An excitation transfer apparatus includes: a support element; a radioactive source mounted on the support element, the radioactive source having a natural radioactive decay rate; a stimulatory device coupled to the support element; and a driver operatively connected to the stimulatory device to energize the stimulatory device, wherein upon energization, the stimulatory device excites the radioactive source which thereby decays at an enhanced rate that is higher than the natural radioactive decay rate.

A method of making a mercury based compound, a mercury based compound, and methods of using the mercury based compound and uses of the mercury based compound are disclosed. The mercury-based compound is in powder form and has the general chemical formula: M1.sub.aX.sub.b, where M1 is Hg, MxcMyd or a combination thereof, with Mx being Hg and My being an arbitrary element; wherein X is chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, sulphate nitrate or a combination thereof, wherein a, b, c and d are numbers between 0.1 and 10, wherein particles of the powder have a minimum average dimension of width of at least 50 nm and a maximum average dimension of width of at most 20 ?m, and wherein the mercury-based compound is paramagnetic and is present in an excited state.

A method of making a mercury based compound, a mercury based compound, and methods of using the mercury based compound and uses of the mercury based compound are disclosed. The mercury-based compound is in powder form and has the general chemical formula: M1.sub.aX.sub.b, where M1 is Hg, MxcMyd or a combination thereof, with Mx being Hg and My being an arbitrary element; wherein X is chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, sulphate nitrate or a combination thereof, wherein a, b, c and d are numbers between 0.1 and 10, wherein particles of the powder have a minimum average dimension of width of at least 50 nm and a maximum average dimension of width of at most 20 ?m, and wherein the mercury-based compound is paramagnetic and is present in an excited state.

An excitation transfer in a nuclear state is energetically induced. The excitation transfer may be induced by heating a structure to which a nuclear species is mechanically coupled. The heating may be applied as a triangular heat pulse. The heating may generate a stress effect in the structure. The stress effect may produce vibratory phonons. The excitation transfer may include up-conversion. The excitation transfer may include radioactive decay. The decay rate of a radioactive species may be increased to a rate higher than the natural half-life of the radioactive species. Energy may be harnessed from decay of the radioactive species. A decay product having industrial or medical use may be rapidly produced. The decay rate of the radioactive species may be lowered to reduce emissions for safe storage or transportation.

In accordance with one embodiment, lower energy photons are combined into a higher energy photon, a phat, by a shift in equilibrium from plasma toward condensing atoms. Phats are an ingredient for new compositions of matter and for nuclear reactions. Many of these compositions of matter are between a chemical and a nuclear scale. A self-assembled reactor is described at this scale. Also, fuels are produced that are high energy activated compositions of matter. Some activated compositions of matter can cause various nuclear reactions. A sequence is described for generalized chemical/nuclear steps. The nuclear reactions which occur include: photodisintegration, neutron absorption, accelerated nuclear decay of radioactive isotopes, and fusion of various combinations of elements.

In accordance with one embodiment, lower energy photons are combined into a higher energy photon, a phat, by a shift in equilibrium from plasma toward condensing atoms. Phats are an ingredient for new compositions of matter and for nuclear reactions. Many of these compositions of matter are between a chemical and a nuclear scale. A self-assembled reactor is described at this scale. Also, fuels are produced that are high energy activated compositions of matter. Some activated compositions of matter can cause various nuclear reactions. A sequence is described for generalized chemical/nuclear steps. The nuclear reactions which occur include: photodisintegration, neutron absorption, accelerated nuclear decay of radioactive isotopes, and fusion of various combinations of elements.

The present invention relates to a method of making a mercury based compound, to a mercury based compound and to methods of using the mercury based compound and to uses of the mercury based compound.

The present invention relates to a method of making a mercury based compound, to a mercury based compound and to methods of using the mercury based compound and to uses of the mercury based compound.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and system for controlling the extraction of ion beam pulses produced by a synchrocyclotron. The synchrocyclotron comprises electrodes configured to be placed in a magnetic field. An alternating voltage is applied between the electrodes, and the frequency of the alternating voltage is modulated in a cyclic manner. In other embodiments, the method further comprises the steps of starting an acceleration cycle of the synchrocyclotron, generating a reference signal when the modulated frequency reaches a predefined value, communicating the time, at which the reference signal is generated, to the beam control elements, assessing one or more status parameters of the one or more beam control elements, and cancelling or proceeding with the extraction of the beam pulse depending on the results of the assessment.