A target for sputtering which enables to attain high rate film-formation of a transparent conductive film suitable for a blue LED or a solar cell. A oxide sintered body includes an indium oxide and a cerium oxide, and one or more oxide of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum and tungsten. The cerium content is 0.3 to 9% by atom, as an atomicity ratio of Ce/(In+Ce), and the content of cerium is equal to or lower than 9% by atom, as an atomicity ratio of Ce/(In+Ce). The oxide sintered body has an In.sub.2O.sub.3 phase of a bixbyite structure has a CeO.sub.2 phase of a fluorite-type structure finely dispersed as crystal grains having an average particle diameter of equal to or smaller than 3 μm.

A target for sputtering which enables to attain high rate film-formation of a transparent conductive film suitable for a blue LED or a solar cell. A oxide sintered body includes an indium oxide and a cerium oxide, and one or more oxide of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum and tungsten. The cerium content is 0.3 to 9% by atom, as an atomicity ratio of Ce/(In+Ce), and the content of cerium is equal to or lower than 9% by atom, as an atomicity ratio of Ce/(In+Ce). The oxide sintered body has an In.sub.2O.sub.3 phase of a bixbyite structure has a CeO.sub.2 phase of a fluorite-type structure finely dispersed as crystal grains having an average particle diameter of equal to or smaller than 3 μm.

A light-emitting device includes an autotransformer, a circuit module and a light-emitting module. The autotransformer includes a first positive conductive wire for receiving a first input voltage within a first predetermined voltage range, a second positive conductive wire for receiving a second input voltage within a second predetermined voltage range, and a common negative conductive wire electrically mated to the first positive conductive wire and the second positive conductive wire. The first predetermined voltage range is larger than the second predetermined voltage range. The circuit module includes a driver electrically connected to the autotransformer, and a predetermined operating voltage value for driving the driver is substantially within the second predetermined voltage range. The light-emitting module is electrically connected to the driver. Therefore, one of both the first and the second positive conductive wires along with the common negative conductive wire are electrically connected to an AC power source.

Energy conversion systems that may employ control grid electrodes, acceleration grid electrodes, inductive elements, multi-stage anodes, and emissive carbon coatings on the cathode and anode are described. These and other characteristics may allow for advantageous thermal energy to electrical energy conversion.

A photosensor includes a vacuum tube having an inner space in which a photoelectron moves, a photocathode unit positioned at an upper portion of the vacuum tube to convert incident light incident from an outside into a photoelectron, a scintillator unit to react with the photoelectron to generate scintillation light, and a photomultiplier to convert the scintillation light into a photoelectron, and multiply the converted photoelectron to generate an electrical signal.

A photosensor includes a vacuum tube having an inner space in which a photoelectron moves, a photocathode unit positioned at an upper portion of the vacuum tube to convert incident light incident from an outside into a photoelectron, a scintillator unit to react with the photoelectron to generate scintillation light, and a photomultiplier to convert the scintillation light into a photoelectron, and multiply the converted photoelectron to generate an electrical signal.

Energy conversion systems that may employ control grid electrodes, acceleration grid electrodes, inductive elements, multi-stage anodes, and emissive carbon coatings on the cathode and anode are described. These and other characteristics may allow for advantageous thermal energy to electrical energy conversion.

A foldable display apparatus, a method of manufacturing the same, and a controlling method of the same are disclosed. The foldable display apparatus includes a substrate including a metal thin film and an insulating layer provided on the metal thin film, an organic light-emitting unit formed on the substrate and emitting light in an direction away from the substrate, and a thin film encapsulating layer for encapsulating the organic light-emitting unit. The foldable display apparatus may be folded in a direction such that the metal thin film is exposed.

Energy conversion systems that may employ control grid electrodes, acceleration grid electrodes, inductive elements, multi-stage anodes, and emissive carbon coatings on the cathode and anode are described. These and other characteristics may allow for advantageous thermal energy to electrical energy conversion.

The present disclosure provides a vacuum heating device including: a vacuum chamber; a plurality of heating units each provided in the vacuum chamber to heat a tray; and a nitrogen gas generator unit configured to be in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber.