A solid-state component responds to electromagnetic radiation and may be used as a photovoltaic element, as a photoelectric sensor, as a photocatalyst, or as a power store. The solid-state component has asymmetrical electrodes which face each other and are electron-conductively connected to each other by a semiconductor material and a coating in such a way that an open terminal voltage of 1.8 volts or even more is achieved by acting electromagnetic radiation.

Methods are described for determining the amount of metabolites of leflunomide in a sample. More specifically, mass spectrometric methods are described for detecting and quantifying teriflunomide in a sample.

A flame detection system includes: a UV sensor that serves as a flame sensor detecting a UV ray generated by a flame; an application voltage generation unit that applies a driving voltage to the UV sensor; a discharge detection unit that detects a discharge in the UV sensor; a discharge count unit that counts the number of detected discharges; a discharge probability calculation unit that calculates a discharge probability on the basis of the number of discharges counted by the discharge count unit and the number of times the driving voltage is applied; a UV intensity determination unit that determines an intensity of the UV ray on the basis of the discharge probability; and a determination result output unit that outputs the intensity of the UV ray determined by the UV intensity determination unit via display or communication.

An intake system for an atmosphere-breathing electric thruster is disclosed, comprising an inlet for inflow of atmosphere particles, an outlet for coupling to the thruster for fueling collected atmosphere particles to the thruster, a collector arranged between the inlet and the outlet comprising multiple channels for allowing inflowing atmosphere particles to pass through the channels towards the outlet, the channels defining an inlet area and a length, wherein a position of at least part of the channels is adjustable to alter at least one of the inlet area and the length.

A flame detection system includes: a UV sensor that serves as a flame sensor detecting a UV ray generated by a flame; an application voltage generation unit that applies a driving voltage to the UV sensor; a discharge detection unit that detects a discharge in the UV sensor; a discharge count unit that counts the number of detected discharges; a discharge probability calculation unit that calculates a discharge probability on the basis of the number of discharges counted by the discharge count unit and the number of times the driving voltage is applied; a UV intensity determination unit that determines an intensity of the UV ray on the basis of the discharge probability; and a determination result output unit that outputs the intensity of the UV ray determined by the UV intensity determination unit via display or communication.

An intake system for an atmosphere-breathing electric thruster is disclosed, comprising an inlet for inflow of atmosphere particles, an outlet for coupling to the thruster for fueling collected atmosphere particles to the thruster, a collector arranged between the inlet and the outlet comprising multiple channels for allowing inflowing atmosphere particles to pass through the channels towards the outlet, the channels defining an inlet area and a length, wherein a position of at least part of the channels is adjustable to alter at least one of the inlet area and the length.

An electronic device includes: a light detection circuit having a first light sensor and a second light sensor each generating a photocurrent by photoelectric conversion, a resistive element which allows a difference between the photocurrents generated by the first light sensor and the second light sensor to flow, and a voltage detection circuit which detects a voltage generated by the flow of the differential photocurrent through the resistive element, said electronic device being controlled in operation by an output signal of the light detection circuit; a storing unit charged each time the electronic device is operated; and a rectifying element provided between the storing unit and the resistive element. A current with which the storing unit is charged is made to flow to the resistive element through the rectifying element.

An ion detector system for a mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising a first device arranged and adapted to receive ions and emit or output first electrons and a microwave cavity resonator arranged and adapted to deflect the first electrons onto a first detector.

An ion detector system for a mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising a first device arranged and adapted to receive ions and emit or output first electrons and a microwave cavity resonator arranged and adapted to deflect the first electrons onto a first detector.

A display device comprising at least: (a) a plurality of photovoltaic active areas and a plurality of holes, two neighboring photovoltaic active areas forming an opening; (b) one or more artificial light sources; (c) a plurality of light concentrators and reflective opaque disposed between said light sources and said photovoltaic active areas. This device wherein said hubs of light are arranged so that the light emitted from artificial light sources is directed by the light concentrators through the holes.