Electrodes are formed with a porous layer of particulate electrode material bonded to each of the two major sides of a compatible metal current collector. In one embodiment, opposing electrodes are formed with like lithium-ion battery anode materials or like cathode materials or capacitor materials on both sides of the current collector. In another embodiment, a battery electrode material is applied to one side of a current collector and capacitor material is applied to the other side. In general, the electrodes are formed by combining a suitable grouping of capacitor layers with un-equal numbers of anode and cathode battery layers. One or more pairs of opposing electrodes are assembled to provide a combination of battery and capacitor energy and power properties in a hybrid electrochemical cell. The cells may be formed by stacking or winding rolls of the opposing electrodes with interposed separators.

A system and a method for separation of ions from ions-containing medium is disclosed herein, that utilizes capacitive-faradaic fuel cells (CFFC) particles coated at least partially with catalysts capable of catalyzing redox reactions provided a reductant (fuel) and/or an oxidant, thereby polarizing the particles to more effectively absorb charged species (ions) from the water upon introducing, e.g., H.sub.2 gas or O.sub.2 gas, in the medium during the adsorption or regeneration. The same concept is utilized in a hybrid electrochemical cell for providing a system and a method for generating and converting electrochemical energy.

A system and a method for separation of ions from ions-containing medium is disclosed herein, that utilizes capacitive-faradaic fuel cells (CFFC) particles coated at least partially with catalysts capable of catalyzing redox reactions provided a reductant (fuel) and/or an oxidant, thereby polarizing the particles to more effectively absorb charged species (ions) from the water upon introducing, e.g., H.sub.2 gas or O.sub.2 gas, in the medium during the adsorption or regeneration. The same concept is utilized in a hybrid electrochemical cell for providing a system and a method for generating and converting electrochemical energy.

A flow-through redox galvanic cell and a battery is described, where each flow-through galvanic cell is separated into two parts by a metal foil serving as a bi-electrode in contact with two solutions having different redox potentials. Voltage due to redox processes is formed through the foil, and two traditional electrodes (cathode and anode) in each cell are not necessary anymore. The cells in a battery should be in electric contact with each other via ion-selective membranes. The battery is easy to recharge, and it is smaller, lighter, safer and cheaper than known redox-flow batteries. It may be used as a reserve source of energy in electric grids and households. It also may be used in electric cars, and it is especially attractive for use near the seashore and on sea ships.

A portable hybrid power module is provided. The power module represents a combined capacitor and battery residing together in a single housing. The battery is preferably a 12 volt DC gel cell battery while the capacitor is an ultra-capacitor residing in parallel with the battery. The ultra-capacitor may be a series of 6 to 12 super capacitors residing in series, with each super capacitor providing 2.5 volts DC charge. The hybrid power module is configured to provide a charge to start an external portable device. The device may be an all-terrain vehicle, a personal water craft, a generator set, or a vehicle. The power module includes a first device terminal and a second device terminal for establishing electrical communication with a battery of the external portable device.

A power generation system for a mobile device. The power generation system includes a combustion engine. The combustion engine serves as a power generator for the mobile device, with the combustion engine being located on a trailer. The power generation system also includes a power module. The power module comprises both an ultra-capacitor and a lithium-based battery; Preferably, the ultra-capacitor comprises a series, or bank, of super capacitors. Likewise, the battery comprises a series of lithium batteries. Preferably, the super capacitors are in electrical communication with an alternator of a truck. The power module provides power to start the combustion engine used to drive the mobile device. The mobile device may be a refrigeration system, or may be heaters, blowers, lights or other electrical items that may be carried on the trailer.

The present disclosure relates to the synthesis and evaluation of difluorophosphate additives for use in energy storage devices. The difluorophosphate additive may be selected from the group consisting of lithium difluorophosphate (LFO), sodium difluorophosphate (NaFO), ammonium difluorophosphate (AFO), tetramethylammonium difluorophosphate (MAFO), potassium difluorophosphate (KFO), and combinations thereof. In some instances, the difluorophosphate additive is not lithium difluorophosphate (LFO).

The present invention discloses a method for lead carbon compression moulding comprising a first stacking step and a first compressing step so that a lead-carbon electrode is obtained through compressing a lead-carbon sandwich stacked of a lead material and a carbon material. Pressurization of the working environment or heating both the lead material and the carbon material is not required during the procedure. A massive production of lead-carbon electrode at room temperature can be anticipated. The lead-carbon electrode produced thereby enhance tolerance of the battery against instable electric current or voltage, and performance remains steady after multiple times of charge-discharge cycles. The lead-carbon electrode produced thereby demonstrates high potentials for application with low cost, low loss and high capacity.

In a method for balancing an energy storage system, a capacitance of capacitive storage modules of a series circuit of capacitive storage modules is determined. The capacitive storage modules are connected to a balancing device to allow control of a charge of each of the capacitive storage modules via a flow of current between the balancing device and the capacitive storage modules. For each of the capacitive storage modules a module charge is determined from a voltage of the capacitive storage module and a predefined balancing voltage. A reference charge is determined from the module charges of the capacitive storage modules, and a balancing charge is determined for each of the capacitive storage modules from the reference charge and the module charge of the capacitive storage module. The charge of the capacitive storage modules is controlled by exchanging the balancing charge between the capacitive storage module and the balancing device.

Described is a distributed battery management system that utilizes circuit boards as direct current busses for primary power in large-scale battery energy storage systems.