A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

An ambient water condenser system is described having a condensation chamber which at least partially contains or surrounds a fluid reservoir which contains a volume or mass of an aqueous hygroscopic solution for condensing water from ambient air and a distillation process for extracting the water from the solution. The fluid reservoir has a heat source, a lower porous hydrophobic membrane, and an upper porous hydrophobic membrane. The heat source causes the hygroscopic solution near the top of reservoir to have a higher temperature which causes it to have a higher water vapor pressure, whereby the water vapor passing through the upper porous hydrophobic membrane and into the condensation chamber condenses into liquid water.

An ambient water condenser system is described having a condensation chamber which at least partially contains or surrounds a fluid reservoir which contains a volume or mass of an aqueous hygroscopic solution for condensing water from ambient air and a distillation process for extracting the water from the solution. The fluid reservoir has a heat source, a lower porous hydrophobic membrane, and an upper porous hydrophobic membrane. The heat source causes the hygroscopic solution near the top of reservoir to have a higher temperature which causes it to have a higher water vapor pressure, whereby the water vapor passing through the upper porous hydrophobic membrane and into the condensation chamber condenses into liquid water.

In a method for estimating a voltage of a battery a given electrochemical battery model is provided, wherein one parameter of the electrochemical battery model is an open circuit potential. The open circuit potential is linearized. The voltage of the battery is estimated by means of the electrochemical battery model with the linearized open circuit potential.

In a method for estimating a voltage of a battery a given electrochemical battery model is provided, wherein one parameter of the electrochemical battery model is an open circuit potential. The open circuit potential is linearized. The voltage of the battery is estimated by means of the electrochemical battery model with the linearized open circuit potential.

A method of preparing an electrode for use in a biophotovoltaic device, comprising the steps of: coating a self-assembled film on a substrate using Langmuir-Blodgett technique; and immersing the coated substrate into an microalgae culture, followed by incubating thereof to grow microalgae thereon hence obtaining a biofilm, characterised in that the self-assembled film is derived from graphene.

The invention is a cathode arrangement comprising a cathode housing (20) defining a space (16) for cathode material and comprising a cathode housing wall being permeable to an electrolyte, and a collector member made of carbon, having a first end part extending into the space (16) for cathode material and a second end part extending outside the space (16) for cathode material, and cathode particles (10), having a cylindric shape with a diameter of 2-5 mm and being extruded from carbon, are arranged in the space (16) for cathode material. The invention is, furthermore, an energy cell comprising the cathode arrangement, an arrangement for processing hydrogen gas comprising the cathode arrangement and use the energy cell applying seawater or salt water as an electrolyte. Furthermore, the invention is a method for manufacturing the cathode arrangement.

Disclosed is a hybrid electrochemical cell with a first conductor having at least one portion that is both a first capacitor electrode and a first battery electrode. The hybrid electrochemical cell further includes a second conductor having at least one portion that is a second capacitor electrode and at least one other portion that is a second battery electrode. An electrolyte is in contact with both the first conductor and the second conductor. In some embodiments, the hybrid electrochemical cell further includes a separator between the first conductor and the second conductor to prevent physical contact between the first conductor and the second conductor, while facilitating ion transport between the first conductor and the second conductor.

Disclosed is a hybrid electrochemical cell with a first conductor having at least one portion that is both a first capacitor electrode and a first battery electrode. The hybrid electrochemical cell further includes a second conductor having at least one portion that is a second capacitor electrode and at least one other portion that is a second battery electrode. An electrolyte is in contact with both the first conductor and the second conductor. In some embodiments, the hybrid electrochemical cell further includes a separator between the first conductor and the second conductor to prevent physical contact between the first conductor and the second conductor, while facilitating ion transport between the first conductor and the second conductor.