A power distribution system comprises a first Smart Meter device for metering the power absorbed or yielded by a domestic utility, in which said first Smart Meter device is connected to a power distribution grid and dialogs in real time with other Smart Meters connected to other domestic utilities, in which said other Smart Meters are connected to the same power grid of said first Smart Meter device, in which said power distribution system is provided with multiple and comprehensive interconnections which connect said first Smart Meter device to the other Smart Meter nodes so as to form a network, in which the information on the energy production and consumption status of the network is available in each Smart Meter node of the network at all times, thus allowing the information on the energy status of the network to be instantaneously available to an operator of the power grid by querying a single Smart Meter among those present in the network.

A smart switch allows distributed generators to “ride through” non-three-phase faults by very quickly detecting a non-three-phase phase fault, locating the fault, identifying the “responsive sectionalizer switches” that will be involved in clearing or isolating the fault, and selecting one of the responsive sectionalizer switches to direct back-feed tie switch operations. The responsive sectionalizer switches trip only the faulted phase(s), and the selected sectionalizer switch instructs a back-feed tie switch to close to back-feed the distributed generators prior to conducting the typical fault response operation. This typically occurs within about three cycles, and is completed before the normal fault clearing and isolation procedures, which momentarily disconnect all three phases to the distributed generators from the normally connected feeder breaker. The looped connection to an alternate feeder breaker during these operations allows the distributed generators to “ride through” the normal fault clearing and isolation procedures.

A smart switch allows distributed generators to “ride through” non-three-phase faults by very quickly detecting a non-three-phase phase fault, locating the fault, identifying the “responsive sectionalizer switches” that will be involved in clearing or isolating the fault, and selecting one of the responsive sectionalizer switches to direct back-feed tie switch operations. The responsive sectionalizer switches trip only the faulted phase(s), and the selected sectionalizer switch instructs a back-feed tie switch to close to back-feed the distributed generators prior to conducting the typical fault response operation. This typically occurs within about three cycles, and is completed before the normal fault clearing and isolation procedures, which momentarily disconnect all three phases to the distributed generators from the normally connected feeder breaker. The looped connection to an alternate feeder breaker during these operations allows the distributed generators to “ride through” the normal fault clearing and isolation procedures.

Systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of state estimation are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a method comprising determining, with a state estimator, a state estimate based on power grid data corresponding to characteristics of a power grid received from a plurality of local controllers; calculating, with the state estimator, a first gain matrix based on a Gauss-Newton method; updating, with the state estimator, the state estimate based on the first gain matrix; calculating, with the state estimator, a second gain matrix based on Newton's method; updating, with the state estimator, the state estimate based on the second gain matrix; and iteratively recalculating the second gain matrix and updating the state estimate based on the second gain matrix until the state estimate converges.

Systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of state estimation are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a method comprising determining, with a state estimator, a state estimate based on power grid data corresponding to characteristics of a power grid received from a plurality of local controllers; calculating, with the state estimator, a first gain matrix based on a Gauss-Newton method; updating, with the state estimator, the state estimate based on the first gain matrix; calculating, with the state estimator, a second gain matrix based on Newton's method; updating, with the state estimator, the state estimate based on the second gain matrix; and iteratively recalculating the second gain matrix and updating the state estimate based on the second gain matrix until the state estimate converges.

A method is disclosed for controlling a transformer substation within a first grid by a control device of a remotely arranged converter connected to the first grid and a second grid. The method may comprise providing measurement information, to the control device, being characteristic of at least one measured electrical property at a location of the transformer substation, and by the control device, determining an estimation information being characteristic of at least one estimated electrical property at the location of the transformer substation based on a model comprising the first grid and a converter, determining an estimated delay time of the estimation information being characteristic of a delay time dependent on a distance between the location of the transformer substation and the converter, and determining a correction information dependent on the measurement information, the estimation information, and the estimated delay time for controlling the transformer substation.