Cooling by a twist-untwist process, by a stretch-release process for twisted, coiled, or supercoiled yarns or fibers, and methods and systems thereof. High mechanocaloric cooling results from release of inserted twist or from stretch release for twisted, coiled, or supercoiled fibers, including natural rubber fibers, NiTi wires, and polyethylene fishing line. Twist utilization can increase cooling and cooling efficiencies. A cooler using twist insertion and release can be shorter and smaller in volume than a cooler that requires a large elastomeric elongation. The cooler system can be utilized in mechanochromic textiles and remotely readable tensile and torsional sensors.

An actuator, a release device, and a method of actuating a release device are provided. The actuator comprises a housing defining a first path; an actuating element disposed within the first path, the actuating element being made from a shape memory alloy having a transition temperature, the actuating element being configured to couple with a power source, at least portion of the actuating element being further configured to not change shape when the power source applies a first current for a predetermined amount of time and moves at least a portion of the actuating element from the first position to a second position when the power source applies a second current; and a heat transfer material disposed in the first path between the actuating element and the housing.

An actuator, a release device, and a method of actuating a release device are provided. The actuator comprises a housing defining a first path; an actuating element disposed within the first path, the actuating element being made from a shape memory alloy having a transition temperature, the actuating element being configured to couple with a power source, at least portion of the actuating element being further configured to not change shape when the power source applies a first current for a predetermined amount of time and moves at least a portion of the actuating element from the first position to a second position when the power source applies a second current; and a heat transfer material disposed in the first path between the actuating element and the housing.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses related to thermo-dielectric-elastomer-cells may be shown and described. In one embodiment a thermo dielectric elastomer cell (TDEC) can include a layer of carbon nanotubes that absorb sunlight; a layer of photo switchable molecules; a plurality of dielectric elastomer layers, each of the plurality of dielectric elastomer layer comprising a layer of dielectric elastomer material and a layer of N-P junction transistors between the layers of dielectric elastomer material; a layer of insulators separating each of the plurality of dielectric elastomer layers; and an elastic cushioning which is placed between the plurality of dielectric elastomer layers and surrounding the dielectric elastomer material.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses related to thermo-dielectric-elastomer-cells may be shown and described. In one embodiment a thermo dielectric elastomer cell (TDEC) can include a layer of carbon nanotubes that absorb sunlight; a layer of photo switchable molecules; a plurality of dielectric elastomer layers, each of the plurality of dielectric elastomer layer comprising a layer of dielectric elastomer material and a layer of N-P junction transistors between the layers of dielectric elastomer material; a layer of insulators separating each of the plurality of dielectric elastomer layers; and an elastic cushioning which is placed between the plurality of dielectric elastomer layers and surrounding the dielectric elastomer material.

A system to sustain and develop a terrestrial and extraterrestrial economy is provided. A thermodynamic energy component is provided for generating electricity and is in electrical communication with a distributing power grid. A dynamic electrical charging matrix with transportation systems, a habitat, an irrigation and agriculture topology and resources for manufacturing recycling provisions are each also in electrical communication with the distributing power grid. An auxiliary depot is further provided for auxiliary storage of energy-related resources.

A system to sustain and develop a terrestrial and extraterrestrial economy is provided. A thermodynamic energy component is provided for generating electricity and is in electrical communication with a distributing power grid. A dynamic electrical charging matrix with transportation systems, a habitat, an irrigation and agriculture topology and resources for manufacturing recycling provisions are each also in electrical communication with the distributing power grid. An auxiliary depot is further provided for auxiliary storage of energy-related resources.

The present invention relates to the field of 4D printing, and particularly to an electro-responsive folding and unfolding composite material for 4D printing, a method for manufacturing the same, and a method for regulating shape memory behavior thereof. In the process of layer-by-layer printing, conductive layers are embedded into a pre-designed shape memory polymer matrix through spray-coating and laser-irradiation nano-fusion welding, to manufacture a folding and unfolding structure with electro-responsive shape memory behavior. The distribution and range of heat affected zones in the electro-responsive shape memory folding and unfolding structure are controlled by adjusting the number of electric heating layers energized and the value of an energizing voltage. The speed of shape recovery and the degree of shape recovery of the structure are regulated according to a magnitude relationship between a shape recovery force F.sub.recovery and a resistance F.sub.resistance to shape recovery of the structure.

The present invention relates to the field of 4D printing, and particularly to an electro-responsive folding and unfolding composite material for 4D printing, a method for manufacturing the same, and a method for regulating shape memory behavior thereof. In the process of layer-by-layer printing, conductive layers are embedded into a pre-designed shape memory polymer matrix through spray-coating and laser-irradiation nano-fusion welding, to manufacture a folding and unfolding structure with electro-responsive shape memory behavior. The distribution and range of heat affected zones in the electro-responsive shape memory folding and unfolding structure are controlled by adjusting the number of electric heating layers energized and the value of an energizing voltage. The speed of shape recovery and the degree of shape recovery of the structure are regulated according to a magnitude relationship between a shape recovery force F.sub.recovery and a resistance F.sub.resistance to shape recovery of the structure.

A power generation system that includes: a ceramic element including a ferroelectric ceramic having a Curie temperature of 90° C. or lower and a space charge polarization; and a power extraction device that extracts power from the ceramic element when a temporal temperature change exceeding the Curie temperature is applied to the ferroelectric ceramic.