The present invention discloses a data switching apparatus and system, where the data switching apparatus includes: an optical-to-electrical conversion unit, an identification unit, an electrical switching unit, an electrical-to-optical conversion unit, an optical switching control unit, and an optical switching unit. The optical-to-electrical conversion unit is configured to perform optical-to-electrical conversion on a first optical data packet and an optical label, where the optical label carries switching information of a second optical data packet, and the first optical data packet and the second optical data packet are respectively to-be-switched data packets that need to use electrical packet switching and optical packet switching. The identification unit is configured to identify whether an electrical signal output by the optical-to-electrical conversion unit is from the optical label or the first optical data packet.

The present invention discloses a data switching apparatus and system, where the data switching apparatus includes: an optical-to-electrical conversion unit, an identification unit, an electrical switching unit, an electrical-to-optical conversion unit, an optical switching control unit, and an optical switching unit. The optical-to-electrical conversion unit is configured to perform optical-to-electrical conversion on a first optical data packet and an optical label, where the optical label carries switching information of a second optical data packet, and the first optical data packet and the second optical data packet are respectively to-be-switched data packets that need to use electrical packet switching and optical packet switching. The identification unit is configured to identify whether an electrical signal output by the optical-to-electrical conversion unit is from the optical label or the first optical data packet.

A wireless card including a wireless power receiving module configured to receive wireless power supply from a first wireless user equipment in a first time period, to obtain first power; a wireless communications module, electrically connected to the wireless power receiving module, and configured to use the first power in the first time period and use ultra-wideband impulse radio to perform wireless communication with the first wireless user equipment; a contact-type power supply module, electrically connected to the wireless power receiving module, and configured to use the first power in the first time period to supply power to an inserted memory card; a first contact-type communications module, electrically connected to the wireless power receiving module, in communication connection with the wireless communications module, and configured to use the first power in the first time period to perform contact-type communication with the memory card.

High-performance ultra-wideband Phased Array Antennas (PAA) are disclosed, having unique capabilities, enabled through photonic integrated circuits and novel optical architectures. Unique capabilities for PAA systems are enabled by photonic integration and ultra-low-loss waveguides. Novel aspects include optical multiplexing combining wavelength division multiplexing and/or a novel extension to array photodetectors, providing the capability to combine many RF photonic signals with very low loss. Architectures include tunable optical up-conversion and down-conversion systems, moving a chosen frequency band between baseband and a high RF frequency band with high dynamic range. Simultaneous multi-channel RF beamforming is achieved through power combining/splitting of optical signals.

A test instrument can be coupled to a test point and measure signals in the network. The test instrument may determine whether the test instrument is connected to a cable of the network and provide notification if the test instrument is not connected to a cable. The test instrument may also detect when it is connected to a customer premises that has been previously been tested through reflected signal signatures.

A test instrument can be coupled to a test point and measure signals in the network. The test instrument may determine whether the test instrument is connected to a cable of the network and provide notification if the test instrument is not connected to a cable. The test instrument may also detect when it is connected to a customer premises that has been previously been tested through reflected signal signatures.

High-performance ultra-wideband Phased Array Antennas (PAA) are disclosed, having unique capabilities, enabled through photonic integrated circuits and novel optical architectures. Unique capabilities for PAA systems are enabled by photonic integration and ultra-low-loss waveguides. Novel aspects include optical multiplexing combining wavelength division multiplexing and/or a novel extension to array photodetectors, providing the capability to combine many RF photonic signals with very low loss. Architectures include tunable optical up-conversion and down-conversion systems, moving a chosen frequency band between baseband and a high RF frequency band with high dynamic range. Simultaneous multi-channel RF beamforming is achieved through power combining/splitting of optical signals.

High-performance ultra-wideband Phased Array Antennas (PAA) are disclosed, having unique capabilities, enabled through photonic integrated circuits and novel optical architectures. Unique capabilities for PAA systems are enabled by photonic integration and ultra-low-loss waveguides. Novel aspects include optical multiplexing combining wavelength division multiplexing and/or a novel extension to array photodetectors, providing the capability to combine many RF photonic signals with very low loss. Architectures include tunable optical up-conversion and down-conversion systems, moving a chosen frequency band between baseband and a high RF frequency band with high dynamic range. Simultaneous multi-channel RF beamforming is achieved through power combining/splitting of optical signals.

High-performance ultra-wideband Phased Array Antennas (PAA) are disclosed, having unique capabilities, enabled through photonic integrated circuits and novel optical architectures. Unique capabilities for PAA systems are enabled by photonic integration and ultra-low-loss waveguides. Novel aspects include optical multiplexing combining wavelength division multiplexing and/or a novel extension to array photodetectors, providing the capability to combine many RF photonic signals with very low loss. Architectures include tunable optical up-conversion and down-conversion systems, moving a chosen frequency band between baseband and a high RF frequency band with high dynamic range. Simultaneous multi-channel RF beamforming is achieved through power combining/splitting of optical signals.

High-performance ultra-wideband Phased Array Antennas (PAA) are disclosed, having unique capabilities, enabled through photonic integrated circuits and novel optical architectures. Unique capabilities for PAA systems are enabled by photonic integration and ultra-low-loss waveguides. Novel aspects include optical multiplexing combining wavelength division multiplexing and/or a novel extension to array photodetectors, providing the capability to combine many RF photonic signals with very low loss. Architectures include tunable optical up-conversion and down-conversion systems, moving a chosen frequency band between baseband and a high RF frequency band with high dynamic range. Simultaneous multi-channel RF beamforming is achieved through power combining/splitting of optical signals.