A part is fabricated by an additive manufacturing process while levitating in space. Constituent features of the part are formed by 3-D printing. A part levitation system allows the spatial orientation of the part to be manipulated relative to one or more print heads.

Methods and apparatus for measuring the melt depth of a substrate during pulsed laser melting are provided. The apparatus can include a heat source, a substrate support with an opening formed therein, and an interferometer positioned to direct coherent radiation toward the toward the substrate support. The method can include positioning the substrate with a first surface in a thermal processing chamber, heating a portion of the first surface with a heat source, directing infrared spectrum radiation at a partially reflective mirror creating control radiation and interference radiation, directing the interference radiation to a melted surface and directing the control radiation to a control surface, and measuring the interference between the reflected radiation. The interference fringe pattern can be used to determine the precise melt depth during the melt process.

Methods and apparatus for measuring the melt depth of a substrate during pulsed laser melting are provided. The apparatus can include a heat source, a substrate support with an opening formed therein, and an interferometer positioned to direct coherent radiation toward the toward the substrate support. The method can include positioning the substrate with a first surface in a thermal processing chamber, heating a portion of the first surface with a heat source, directing infrared spectrum radiation at a partially reflective mirror creating control radiation and interference radiation, directing the interference radiation to a melted surface and directing the control radiation to a control surface, and measuring the interference between the reflected radiation. The interference fringe pattern can be used to determine the precise melt depth during the melt process.

A cooling system for a built-in induction hob with an improved cooling efficiency, and a cooling method thereof. The cooling system comprises an air blower for generating an airflow according to a first direction, a heat-sink device through which air blown by the air blower is conveyed. The cooling system further comprises airflow deflecting means for deflecting said airflow from said first direction to a second direction which significantly deviates from said first direction.

An improved inside of can curing technology is provided. One implementation uses narrowband, semiconductor produced infrared energy which is focused into the inside of the can to affect a very high-speed curing result and will directly impact the coating covering the inside walls of the can to rapidly cure the coating. De-tempering and annealing of the aluminum can body does not have time to occur, thus leaving a stronger can with the same amount of aluminum or a can of the same strength but with less aluminum. It is also possible to eliminate the natural gas fueled oven that is the current standard and replace it with a completely hydrocarbon-free curing alternative that has superior performance. This high powered radiant, narrowband energy will be digitally controlled to introduce only the needed heat and to not overheat the can.

An improved inside of can curing technology is provided. One implementation uses narrowband, semiconductor produced infrared energy which is focused into the inside of the can to affect a very high-speed curing result and will directly impact the coating covering the inside walls of the can to rapidly cure the coating. De-tempering and annealing of the aluminum can body does not have time to occur, thus leaving a stronger can with the same amount of aluminum or a can of the same strength but with less aluminum. It is also possible to eliminate the natural gas fueled oven that is the current standard and replace it with a completely hydrocarbon-free curing alternative that has superior performance. This high powered radiant, narrowband energy will be digitally controlled to introduce only the needed heat and to not overheat the can.

A method of heat treating post-tensioning strand wedges that enhances efficiency, repeatability and safety is provided. The method includes providing a plurality of post-tensioning strand wedges, transporting each post-tensioning strand wedge to a heating assembly having a first induction heater, heating each post-tensioning strand wedge using the first induction heater of the heating assembly to form a heated post-tensioning strand wedge in a plurality of heated post-tensioning strand wedges, and delivering the plurality of heated post-tensioning strand wedges to perform a series of actions.

A method of heat treating post-tensioning strand wedges that enhances efficiency, repeatability and safety is provided. The method includes providing a plurality of post-tensioning strand wedges, transporting each post-tensioning strand wedge to a heating assembly having a first induction heater, heating each post-tensioning strand wedge using the first induction heater of the heating assembly to form a heated post-tensioning strand wedge in a plurality of heated post-tensioning strand wedges, and delivering the plurality of heated post-tensioning strand wedges to perform a series of actions.

An electrode is embedded in a piece of ceramic material having a population of conduction band electrons. Applying a voltage bias to the electrode causes electrons to flow towards or away from the electrode to form a positively charged sheath either a distance apart from or adjacent the electrode, depending the polarity of the bias. The electron flow also forms a negatively charged sheath lying opposite the positively charged sheath, and an electrically neutral region lying between the two sheaths. Electromagnetic radiation impinging the ceramic material heats the ceramic where the radiation is absorbed by the electron population. As the incident radiation is absorbed in proportion to the electron density, heating is increased in the negatively charged sheath, relative to the other parts of the ceramic material. The location of heating is controlled by controlling the magnitude and polarity of the voltage bias.

An electrode is embedded in a piece of ceramic material having a population of conduction band electrons. Applying a voltage bias to the electrode causes electrons to flow towards or away from the electrode to form a positively charged sheath either a distance apart from or adjacent the electrode, depending the polarity of the bias. The electron flow also forms a negatively charged sheath lying opposite the positively charged sheath, and an electrically neutral region lying between the two sheaths. Electromagnetic radiation impinging the ceramic material heats the ceramic where the radiation is absorbed by the electron population. As the incident radiation is absorbed in proportion to the electron density, heating is increased in the negatively charged sheath, relative to the other parts of the ceramic material. The location of heating is controlled by controlling the magnitude and polarity of the voltage bias.