A method for rapidly changing the energy shell of quantum fluctuations (ESQFs) about a mass that changes fast enough to produce time dilation and retardation between the ESQFs on opposite sides of the mass, to produce acceleration as was shown under a new quantum gravity model. The method includes, a three layered capacitor system comprising an electrostatic (ES) capacitor, i.e., a dielectric with no outer electrode, on an AC capacitor, on a DC capacitor. The AC capacitor shares an electrode on one side with the ES capacitor and on the other side with the DC capacitor. The ES capacitor has the electrodeless dielectric material surface adjacent to the upper ESQFs of the layered capacitor system and the DC capacitor has the (earth) ground surface adjacent to the lower ESQFs of the layered capacitor system. When the AC and DC voltages are applied to the layered capacitor system, an asymmetry is produced between the upper and lower ESQFs to cause acceleration on the layered capacitor system. Applying quadrants of the layered capacitor system on the surface of a craft, the craft can be accelerated in any direction, where when optimally operated to only control the ESQFs outside the craft, objects in the cavity will not feel any affects from the layered capacitor systems nor experience any inertia due to the acceleration on the craft.

A method for rapidly changing the energy shell of quantum fluctuations (ESQFs) about a mass that changes fast enough to produce time dilation and retardation between the ESQFs on opposite sides of the mass, to produce acceleration as was shown under a new quantum gravity model. The method includes, a three layered capacitor system comprising an electrostatic (ES) capacitor, i.e., a dielectric with no outer electrode, on an AC capacitor, on a DC capacitor. The AC capacitor shares an electrode on one side with the ES capacitor and on the other side with the DC capacitor. The ES capacitor has the electrodeless dielectric material surface adjacent to the upper ESQFs of the layered capacitor system and the DC capacitor has the (earth) ground surface adjacent to the lower ESQFs of the layered capacitor system. When the AC and DC voltages are applied to the layered capacitor system, an asymmetry is produced between the upper and lower ESQFs to cause acceleration on the layered capacitor system. Applying quadrants of the layered capacitor system on the surface of a craft, the craft can be accelerated in any direction, where when optimally operated to only control the ESQFs outside the craft, objects in the cavity will not feel any affects from the layered capacitor systems nor experience any inertia due to the acceleration on the craft.

An electrode for manipulating an ion beam. The electrode may include an insert having an ion beam aperture to conduct the ion beam therethrough, the insert comprising a first electrically conductive material; a frame disposed around the insert and comprising a second electrically conductive material; and an outer portion, the outer portion disposed around the frame and comprising a third electrically conductive material, wherein the insert is reversibly detachable from the frame, and wherein the frame is reversibly attachable from the outer portion.

A radiation treatment apparatus includes an accelerator that emits a charged particle beam, a time measurement unit that measures an emission time of the charged particle beam of the accelerator, a first control unit that controls the accelerator based on the emission time measured by the time measurement unit, and an emission determination unit that determines whether or not the accelerator is emitting the charged particle beam while the first control unit is controlling the accelerator. The time measurement unit adds a time, for which a result of a determination performed by the emission determination unit is that the accelerator is emitting the charged particle beam, to the emission time and does not add a time, for which the result of the determination performed by the emission determination unit is that the accelerator is not emitting the charged particle beam, to the emission time.

A radiation treatment apparatus includes an accelerator that emits a charged particle beam, a time measurement unit that measures an emission time of the charged particle beam of the accelerator, a first control unit that controls the accelerator based on the emission time measured by the time measurement unit, and an emission determination unit that determines whether or not the accelerator is emitting the charged particle beam while the first control unit is controlling the accelerator. The time measurement unit adds a time, for which a result of a determination performed by the emission determination unit is that the accelerator is emitting the charged particle beam, to the emission time and does not add a time, for which the result of the determination performed by the emission determination unit is that the accelerator is not emitting the charged particle beam, to the emission time.

Accelerator apparatus (100) for accelerating charged particles (2) with pulsed radiation includes horn-shaped coupling device (10) with at least one horn coupler (11, 15) having input aperture (12), electrically conductive walls (13) and output aperture (14), wherein pulsed radiation is received at input aperture and focused towards output aperture, and waveguide device (20) coupled with the output aperture and configured for receiving focused pulsed radiation. Waveguide device includes injection section (21) for providing charged particles and subjecting them to acceleration by pulsed radiation in injection section, and lateral output port (23) for releasing accelerated charged particles along particle acceleration direction. The at least one horn coupler receives linearly polarized single cycle pulses (1) including broadband frequency spectrum shaped as a linearly polarized plane wave and focuses linearly polarized single cycle pulses. Waveguide device has non-resonant broadband transmission characteristic. Furthermore, charged particle gun and method of accelerating charged particles are described.

Apparatus and methods for facilitating an intramolecular reaction that occurs in single collisions of CO.sub.2 molecules (or their derivatives amenable to controllable acceleration, such as CO.sub.2.sup.+ ions) with a solid surface, such that molecular oxygen (or its relevant analogs, e.g., O.sub.2.sup.+ and O.sub.2.sup.− ions) is directly produced are provided. The reaction is driven by kinetic energy and is independent of surface composition and temperature. The methods and apparatus may be used to remove CO.sub.2 from Earth's atmosphere, while, in other embodiments, the methods and apparatus may be used to prevent the atmosphere's contamination with CO.sub.2 emissions. In yet other embodiments, the methods and apparatus may be used to obtain molecular oxygen in CO.sub.2-rich environments, such as to facilitate exploration of extraterrestrial bodies with CO.sub.2-rich atmospheres (e.g. Mars).

A method for rapidly changing the energy shell of quantum fluctuations (ESQFs) about a mass that changes fast enough to produce time dilation and retardation between the ESQFs on opposite sides of the mass, to produce acceleration as was shown under a new quantum gravity model. The method includes, a three layered capacitor system comprising an electrostatic (ES) capacitor, i.e., a dielectric with no outer electrode, on an AC capacitor, on a DC capacitor. The AC capacitor shares an electrode on one side with the ES capacitor and on the other side with the DC capacitor. The ES capacitor has the electrodeless dielectric material surface adjacent to the upper ESQFs of the layered capacitor system and the DC capacitor has the (earth) ground surface adjacent to the lower ESQFs of the layered capacitor system. When the AC and DC voltages are applied to the layered capacitor system, an asymmetry is produced between the upper and lower ESQFs to cause acceleration on the layered capacitor system. Applying quadrants of the layered capacitor system on the surface of a craft, the craft can be accelerated in any direction, where when optimally operated to only control the ESQFs outside the craft, objects in the cavity will not feel any affects from the layered capacitor systems nor experience any inertia due to the acceleration on the craft.

A method for rapidly changing the energy shell of quantum fluctuations (ESQFs) about a mass that changes fast enough to produce time dilation and retardation between the ESQFs on opposite sides of the mass, to produce acceleration as was shown under a new quantum gravity model. The method includes, a three layered capacitor system comprising an electrostatic (ES) capacitor, i.e., a dielectric with no outer electrode, on an AC capacitor, on a DC capacitor. The AC capacitor shares an electrode on one side with the ES capacitor and on the other side with the DC capacitor. The ES capacitor has the electrodeless dielectric material surface adjacent to the upper ESQFs of the layered capacitor system and the DC capacitor has the (earth) ground surface adjacent to the lower ESQFs of the layered capacitor system. When the AC and DC voltages are applied to the layered capacitor system, an asymmetry is produced between the upper and lower ESQFs to cause acceleration on the layered capacitor system. Applying quadrants of the layered capacitor system on the surface of a craft, the craft can be accelerated in any direction, where when optimally operated to only control the ESQFs outside the craft, objects in the cavity will not feel any affects from the layered capacitor systems nor experience any inertia due to the acceleration on the craft.

A method of plasma processing comprises generating electrons in a source chamber, generating an electric potential gradient between the source chamber and a processing chamber by applying a first negative direct current (DC) voltage to the source chamber and a ground voltage to the processing chamber, accelerating the electrons from the source chamber through a dielectric injector and into the processing chamber using the electric potential gradient, and generating an electron-beam sustained plasma (ESP) in the processing chamber using the electrons from the source chamber.