The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a scaffold having an internal space and a mixture positioned within the space, where the mixture includes a first phase having a metal halide perovskite and a second phase including at least one of a perovskite precursor and/or a switching molecule, the composition is capable of reversibly switching between a first state having at least one of a first transparency and/or a first color and a second state having at least one of a second transparency and/or a second color.

An object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element that includes a photoelectric conversion film excellent in the vapor deposition suitability, and that exhibits excellent external quantum efficiency to light at all wavelengths in a red wavelength range, a green wavelength range, and a blue wavelength range. Another object of the present invention is to provide an imaging element, an optical sensor, and a compound related to the photoelectric conversion element.

The photoelectric conversion element includes, in the following order, a conductive film, a photoelectric conversion film, and a transparent conductive film, in which the photoelectric conversion film contains a compound represented by Formula (1).

##STR00001##

A spirobifluorene compound and a perovskite solar cell including the spirobifluorene compound are disclosed. More particularly, a spirobifluorene compound which can be used as a hole transport material of a perovskite solar cell is disclosed. A perovskite solar cell including the spirobifluorene compound as a hole transport material is further disclosed.

This composition for a hole collecting layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element contains: a charge-transporting substance comprising a polyaniline derivative represented by formula (1); a fluorine-based surfactant; and a solvent. The composition provides a thin film suitable for a hole collecting layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element, and is particularly suited for producing an inverse lamination type organic photoelectric conversion element. ##STR00001##
(In the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, etc., but one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is a sulfonic acid group, one or more of the remaining R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are a C1-20 alkoxy group, a C1-20 thioalkoxy group, a C1-20 alkyl group, a C2-20 alkenyl group, a C2-20 alkynyl group, a C1-20 haloalkyl group, a C6-20 aryl group, or a C7-20 aralkyl group, and m and n are numbers which satisfy 0≤m≤1, 0≤n≤1 and m+n=1).

An imaging device includes a photoelectric conversion unit in which a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode are stacked. A semiconductor material layer including an inorganic oxide semiconductor material having an amorphous structure at least in a portion is formed between the first electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, and the formation energy of an inorganic oxide semiconductor material that has the same composition as the inorganic oxide semiconductor material having an amorphous structure and has a crystalline structure has a positive value.

Disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (I): ##STR00001##
in which: Z represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a selenium atom; or an NR.sub.5 group in which R.sub.5 is selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, or from optionally substituted aryl groups; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in the claims. The disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (I) can advantageously be used as a spectrum converter in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) which are in turn capable of improving the performance of photovoltaic devices (or solar devices) selected, for example, from photovoltaic cells (or solar cells), photovoltaic modules (or solar modules) on either a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate.

The present disclosure is directed to methods for producing a photovoltaic junction that can include coating a bare junction with a composition. In one embodiment, the composition includes a plurality of quantum dots to create a film; exposing the film to a ligand to create a first layer; coating the first layer with the composition to form a film on the first layer; and exposing the film on the first layer to the ligand to create a second layer.

An imaging element has at least a photoelectric conversion section, a first transistor TR.sub.1, and a second transistor TR.sub.2, the photoelectric conversion section includes a photoelectric conversion layer 13, a first electrode 11, and a second electrode 12, the imaging element further has a first photoelectric conversion layer extension section 13A, a third electrode 51, and a fourth electrode 51C, the first transistor TR.sub.1 includes the second electrode 12 that functions as one source/drain section, the third electrode that functions as a gate section 51, and the first photoelectric conversion layer extension section 13A that functions as the other source/drain section, and the first transistor TR.sub.1 (TR.sub.rst) is provided adjacent to the photoelectric conversion section.

The invention is in the field of semiconductors. The invention is directed to a composition, a method for producing a layer, a layer, a photoconducting device and a photovoltaic device. The composition of the invention comprises a matrix comprising a polymer, and dispersed in said matrix one or more perovskite materials.

The development of air-stable unipolar n-type semiconductors with good solubility in organic solvents at room temperature remains a critical issue in the field of organic electronics. Moreover, most of the existing semiconducting materials exhibit LUMO energy levels higher than −4.0 eV, making electron transport sensitive to both moisture and oxygen. Bis(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)benzodifurandione dicyanide or derivatives thereof are disclosed herein. More specifically, bis(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)benzodifurandione dicyanide or derivatives thereof for use in organic electronics are disclosed. A process for the preparation of bis(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)benzodifurandione dicyanide and derivatives is also disclosed. The bis(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)benzodifurandione dicyanide or derivatives thereof are characterized by high electron mobilities and are suitable for use as n-type semiconductors in organic electronics.