The present invention relates to nanoparticles comprising aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and an anticancer composition comprising the same and, specifically, to nanoparticles which comprise glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GRS), leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS), and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IRS), and have anticancer or immunostimulating activity; a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer, comprising the nanoparticles as an active ingredient; a composition for immunostimulation; and a method for preparing the nanoparticles.

Isolated glycyl-tRNA synthetase polypeptides and polynucleotides having non-canonical biological activities are provided, as well as compositions and methods related thereto.