A method for manufacturing a forged article, capable of improving the durability of a die for forging is provided. The method, includes forging a steel material, by using a die, by spraying or applying a water-soluble polymer lubricant containing 0.01 to 0.98 mass % of a water-soluble sulfate onto a working surface of the die, the die being made of a raw material having a constituent composition of by mass %, of 0.4 to 0.7% of C, 1.0% or less of Si, 1.0% or less of Mn, 4.0 to 6.0% of Cr, 2.0 to 4.0% of (Mo+?W), 0.5 to 2.5% of (V+Nb), 0 to 1.0% of Ni, 0 to 5.0% of Co, 0.02% or less of N, and a remnant composed of Fe and impurities, and having hardness of 55 to 60 HRC, and the die including a nitrided layer or a nitrosulfidized layer on the working surface thereof.

Porous, binderless ceramic surface modification materials are described, and applications of use thereof. The ceramic surface material is in the form of an interconnected network of porous ceramic material on a substrate. The ceramic material may include a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, and/or hydrates thereof, or a metal carbonate or metal phosphate, on a substrate surface. The substrate may be in the form of a metal or polymer particulate, powder, extrudate, or flakes.

Porous, binderless ceramic surface modification materials are described, and applications of use thereof. The ceramic surface material is in the form of an interconnected network of porous ceramic material on a substrate. The ceramic material may include a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, and/or hydrates thereof, or a metal carbonate or metal phosphate, on a substrate surface. The substrate may be in the form of a metal or polymer particulate, powder, extrudate, or flakes.

Assemblies of stacked layers of materials are described. The assemblies include functional and structural layers. Functional layers include binderless ceramic materials on woven or non-woven substrates of natural, synthetic, or metallic materials. The layers of functional and structural materials may be configured to transport moisture or heat from an inner surface to an outer surface that is exposed to an ambient environment.

Assemblies of stacked layers of materials are described. The assemblies include functional and structural layers. Functional layers include binderless ceramic materials on woven or non-woven substrates of natural, synthetic, or metallic materials. The layers of functional and structural materials may be configured to transport moisture or heat from an inner surface to an outer surface that is exposed to an ambient environment.

The surface-treated steel includes: a steel; a plated layer containing Zn or a Zn alloy formed on a surface of the steel; and a chemical conversion coating film formed on a surface of the plated layer, wherein the chemical conversion coating film contains an organosilicon compound having a siloxane bond, and P and F, and when the abundance ratio of an alkylene group and a siloxane bond in the organosilicon compound is measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), a ratio A1/A2 of a peak value A1 of an absorbance at 2,800 to 3,000 cm.sup.?1 indicating the alkylene group to a peak value A2 of an absorbance at 1,030 to 1,200 cm.sup.?1 indicating the siloxane bond is 0.10 to 0.75.

The surface-treated steel includes: a steel; a plated layer containing Zn or a Zn alloy formed on a surface of the steel; and a chemical conversion coating film formed on a surface of the plated layer, wherein the chemical conversion coating film contains an organosilicon compound having a siloxane bond, and P and F, and when the abundance ratio of an alkylene group and a siloxane bond in the organosilicon compound is measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), a ratio A1/A2 of a peak value A1 of an absorbance at 2,800 to 3,000 cm.sup.?1 indicating the alkylene group to a peak value A2 of an absorbance at 1,030 to 1,200 cm.sup.?1 indicating the siloxane bond is 0.10 to 0.75.

Functionalized textile materials are provided. At least a portion of a textile surface in includes a ceramic material, such as a binderless porous structured ceramic, and optionally, one or more functional layer is applied, resulting in a textile material with one or more desirable functional properties, such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, photocatalysis, anti-fouling, and/or deodorant properties.

Functionalized textile materials are provided. At least a portion of a textile surface in includes a ceramic material, such as a binderless porous structured ceramic, and optionally, one or more functional layer is applied, resulting in a textile material with one or more desirable functional properties, such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, photocatalysis, anti-fouling, and/or deodorant properties.

Functionalized textile materials are provided. At least a portion of a textile surface in includes a ceramic material, such as a binderless porous structured ceramic, and optionally, one or more functional layer is applied, resulting in a textile material with one or more desirable functional properties, such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, photocatalysis, anti-fouling, and/or deodorant properties.