A dry powder MOCVD vapor source system is disclosed that utilizes a gravimetric powder feeder, a feed rate measurement and feeder control system, an evaporator and a load lock system for continuous operation for thin film production, particularly of REBCO type high temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes.

An assembly includes a vaporizer vessel. In some embodiments, the vaporizer vessel defines an interior volume. In some embodiments, the vaporizer vessel is configured to hold at least one source reagent within the interior volume. In some embodiments, the assembly includes a heater. In some embodiments, the heater is configured to vaporize the at least one source reagent. In some embodiments, the heater is a radiant heat source configured to vaporize the at least one source reagent without heating the vaporizer vessel.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating and quantum printing materials, such as elemental metals, in a nanoporous carbon powder.

When pressure in a chamber is brought to atmospheric pressure and the chamber is filled with an inert gas atmosphere, the atmosphere in the chamber is sucked into an oxygen concentration analyzer through a sampling line such that oxygen concentration in the chamber is measured by the oxygen concentration analyzer. When the pressure in the chamber is reduced to less than atmospheric pressure, nitrogen gas is supplied to the oxygen concentration analyzer through an inert gas supply line simultaneously with suspending the measurement of oxygen concentration in the chamber. Even when the measurement of oxygen concentration in the chamber is suspended, reverse flow to the oxygen concentration analyzer from a gas exhaust pipe can be prevented, and the oxygen concentration analyzer can be prevented from being exposed to exhaust from the chamber. The configuration results in maintaining measurement accuracy of the oxygen concentration analyzer in a low oxygen concentration range.

A seed layer for inducing nucleation to form a layer of material is described. In an embodiment, the seed layer comprising a layer of two-dimensional monolayer amorphous material having a disordered atomic structure adapted to create localised electronic states to form electric potential wells for bonding adatoms to a surface of the seed layer via van der Waals interaction to form the layer of material, wherein each of the electric potential wells has a potential energy larger in magnitude than surrounding thermal energy to capture adatoms on the surface of the seed layer. Embodiments in relation to a method for forming the seed layer, a heterostructure comprising the seed layer, a method for forming the heterostructure comprising the seed layer, a device comprising the heterostructure and a method of enhancing vdW interaction between adatoms and a surface of the seed layer are also described.

Implementations of the present disclosure generally relate to the fabrication of integrated circuits. More specifically, implementations disclosed herein relate to apparatus, systems, and methods for reducing substrate outgassing. A substrate is processed in an epitaxial deposition chamber for depositing an arsenic-containing material on a substrate and then transferred to a degassing chamber for reducing arsenic outgassing on the substrate. The degassing chamber includes a gas panel for supplying hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and hydrogen chloride or chlorine gas to the chamber, a substrate support, a pump, and at least one heating mechanism. Residual or fugitive arsenic is removed from the substrate such that the substrate may be removed from the degassing chamber without dispersing arsenic into the ambient environment.

Methods of forming structures using a neutral beam, structures formed using a neutral beam, and reactor systems for forming the structures are disclosed. The neutral beam can be used to provide activated species during deposition of a layer and/or to provide activated species to treat a deposited layer.

Methods are provided for making a nanofiber-coated fiber. The method(s) include: providing a base fiber; depositing a nanofreckle on the base fiber; and growing a nanofiber at the nanofreckle. In another aspect, nanofiber-coated fibers are provided, produced by the above-noted methods making a nanofiber-coated fiber.

Coated articles and methods and systems for coating the articles are described herein. The methods and systems described herein include, but are not limited to, steps for actively or passively controlling the temperature during the coating process, steps for providing intimate contact between the substrate and the support holding the substrate in order to maximize energy transfer, and/or steps for preparing gradient coatings. Methods for depositing high molecular weight polymeric coatings, end-capped polymer coatings, coatings covalently bonded to the substrate or one another, metallic coatings, and/or multilayer coatings are also disclosed. Deposition of coatings can be accelerated and/or improved by applying an electrical potential and/or through the use of inert gases.

Coated articles and methods and systems for coating the articles are described herein. The methods and systems described herein include, but are not limited to, steps for actively or passively controlling the temperature during the coating process, steps for providing intimate contact between the substrate and the support holding the substrate in order to maximize energy transfer, and/or steps for preparing gradient coatings. Methods for depositing high molecular weight polymeric coatings, end-capped polymer coatings, coatings covalently bonded to the substrate or one another, metallic coatings, and/or multilayer coatings are also disclosed. Deposition of coatings can be accelerated and/or improved by applying an electrical potential and/or through the use of inert gases.