A friction material comprises an Fe part which contains Fe as a main component, a coating layer formed on a surface of the Fe part, and a friction part formed on a surface of at least a part of the coating layer, and the coating layer comprises a first coating layer and a second coating layer which have a specific average thickness and a specific component in order from Fe part side, and in the second coating layer, in order of positions at which the thickness is 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the second coating layer from the side of the first coating layer to the side opposite thereto, a Cu content increases and a Ni content decreases.

A component includes a base formed of a majority of a first metallic element and a shell adhered to the base. The shell includes an inner portion having an inner surface contacting the base, an outer portion having an outer surface, and an intermediate zone connecting the inner portion to the outer portion. The shell is formed of a multi-element transition material, where the multi-element transition material includes a majority of a second metallic element at the inner surface and a majority of a third metallic element at the outer surface. The intermediate zone includes both the second and third metallic elements. Each of the first, second, and third metallic elements are different from one another. The component may be an automotive shaft. A method of forming the component may include depositing first and second powders on the base to form the inner and outer portions and the intermediate zone.

To protect a superalloy substrate from oxidation and hot corrosion, disclosed herein is coating made by a process that deposits successive layers on the substrate, a first layer of aluminium and of at least one element capable of being alloyed with sulphur, and a second layer of a material that isolates the at least one element capable of being alloyed with sulphur.

A hot-dip galvanized steel sheet including: a hot-dip galvanizing layer on at least one side of a base steel sheet, wherein the hot-dip galvanizing layer has a Fe content of more than 0% and 3.0% or less and an Al content of more than 0% and 1.0% or less, the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet including: a FeAl alloy layer provided on an interface between the hot-dip galvanizing layer and the base steel sheet, the FeAl alloy layer having a thickness of 0.1 m to 2.0 m, and a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of the thickness of the FeAl alloy layer in a width direction of the base steel sheet being within 0.5 m; and a fine-grain layer provided in the base steel sheet and directly in contact with the FeAl alloy layer, the fine-grain layer having an average thickness of 0.1 m to 5.0 m, the fine-grain layer including a ferrite phase with an average grain diameter of 0.1 m to 3.0 m, the fine-grain layer containing oxides of one or more out of Si and Mn, a maximum diameter of the oxides being 0.01 m to 0.4 m, and a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of the thickness of the fine-grain layer in the width direction of the base steel sheet being within 2.0 m.

A method of forming a bonding assembly that includes positioning a plurality of polymer spheres against an opal structure and placing a substrate against a second major surface of the opal structure. The opal structure includes the first major surface and the second major surface with a plurality of voids defined therebetween. The plurality of polymer spheres encapsulates a solder material disposed therein and contacts the first major surface of the opal structure. The method includes depositing a material within the voids of the opal structure and removing the opal structure to form an inverse opal structure between the first and second major surfaces. The method further includes removing the plurality of polymer spheres to expose the solder material encapsulated therein and placing a semiconductor device onto the inverse opal structure in contact with the solder material.

This ZnAlMg-based plated steel sheet has a steel sheet, an alloy layer which is formed on a surface of the steel sheet and contains Fe and Si, and a plated layer which is formed on a surface of the alloy layer opposite to the steel sheet, in which an average composition of the plated layer and the alloy layer includes, in mass %, Al: 45.0 to 65.0%, Si: 0.50 to 5.00%, Mg: 1.00 to 10.00%, and a balance of Zn, Fe, and impurities, the plated layer contains 0.1 to 20.0% of a Mg-Si phase in terms of volume fraction, in a case where a 1 m range from a surface of the plated layer in a thickness direction of the plated layer is defined as a surface layer area of the plated layer, an average equivalent circle diameter of the Mg-Si phase in the surface layer area in a direction in which the plated layer is overserved in a plane view is 0.1 to 15.0 m, and an integrated value of a Si content from the surface of the plated layer to thickness center of the plated layer is 0.55 times or more of an integrated value of the Si content from the surface of the plated layer to an interface.

A method of manufacturing a hot dip coated steel strip, wherein coating takes place by leading the strip through a bath of molten metal including Al, the remainder of the metal being Zn, inevitable impurities and optionally a maximum of 0.3% of one or more additional elements, wherein the composition of the bath is controlled so as to have an aluminium content of more than 0.50%.

Superalloy workpiece including a superalloy substrate and an interface layer (IF-1) of essentially the same superalloy composition directly on a surface of the superalloy substrate, followed by a transition layer (TL) of essentially the same superalloy and supperalloy oxides or a different metal composition and different metal oxides whereby oxygen content of the transition layer is increasing from IF-1 towards a barrier layer (IF-2) of super alloy oxides or of different metal oxides.

There is provided a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet with a microstructure in a thickness to thickness range whose middle is a thickness from a surface of a base steel sheet, the microstructure contains ferrite phase is 50% or more and 97% or less by volume fraction, and a predetermined phase wherein at an interface between a hot-dip galvanizing layer and the base steel sheet, a FeAl alloy layer has an average thickness of 0.1 m to 2.0 m, and a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness in a steel sheet width direction is within 0.5 m, and in a fine-grain layer directly brought into contact with the FeAl alloy layer, the fine-grain has a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness of the fine-grain layer in the steel sheet width direction is within 2.0 m.

A method of applying a protective coating to an article comprises the steps of a) depositing aluminum in a surface region of an article, and b) depositing chromium is the surface region of the article subsequent to step a), whereby at least a portion of the chromium replaces at least a portion of the aluminum. Another method and an article are also disclosed.