The present invention relates to an electrode assembly, electrode structures and an electrolyser using said assemblies/structures, and in particular provides an electrode assembly comprising an anode structure and a cathode structure, each of said anode structure and cathode structure comprising i) a flange which can interact with a flange on an another electrode structure to hold a separator in between the two, ii) an electrolysis compartment which contains an electrode, and which in use contains a liquid to be electrolysed, iii) an inlet for the liquid to be electrolysed and iv) an outlet header for evolved gas and spent liquid, wherein the outlet header on one of the anode structure and the cathode structure is an external outlet header and the outlet header on the other one of the anode structure and the cathode structure is an internal outlet header, as well as to electrolysers comprising a plurality of such electrode assemblies.

Disclosed in the present invention are methods and apparatuses for the electrochemical conversion of halide ion containing brines into halogen based disinfection solutions while the impact of scale formation on electrochemical system operations. This is accomplished by controllably modifying the brine with one or more of halide ions, a halogen stabilization compound, an acid component, or a buffering component. These chemical modifications of the brine allow for the production of stabilized 10 halogen solutions, which can then be used as disinfectants. The present invention is especially useful in the production of halogen-based biocides from flowback or produced waters resulting from oil and gas production, but can be applied to any halide ion containing water stream, including reject water from reverse osmosis filtration processes or ocean water, that contains ammonia.

Disclosed in the present invention are methods and apparatuses for the electrochemical conversion of halide ion containing brines into halogen based disinfection solutions while the impact of scale formation on electrochemical system operations. This is accomplished by controllably modifying the brine with one or more of halide ions, a halogen stabilization compound, an acid component, or a buffering component. These chemical modifications of the brine allow for the production of stabilized 10 halogen solutions, which can then be used as disinfectants. The present invention is especially useful in the production of halogen-based biocides from flowback or produced waters resulting from oil and gas production, but can be applied to any halide ion containing water stream, including reject water from reverse osmosis filtration processes or ocean water, that contains ammonia.

A system is disclosed for treating a biologically active surface or material and inerting a protected space. Water is delivered to an anode of an electrochemical cell with the anode and a cathode separated by a proton transfer medium separator. A voltage difference is applied between the anode and the cathode to electrolyze water at the anode to form a mixture of protons and ozone. The protons are transferred across the separator to the cathode, and air is delivered to the cathode where oxygen is reduced to generate oxygen-depleted air, which is directed to the protected space. The ozone is transferred to an ozone storage or distribution system, and ozone is transferred from the ozone storage or distribution system to the biologically active surface or material.

An electrolytic cell has a partition that covers an upper region of one electrode of an anode and a cathode in order to separate a gas generated from the anode and a gas generated from the cathode from each other. The partition has wall surfaces that are each opposite a surface of the electrode. The wall surfaces have, in lower end-side regions thereof, ribs extending in a direction that has a lateral direction component. The ribs and the partition are made of a fluororesin and are integrally formed.

The present invention relates to an electrode assembly and an electrolyser using said assemblies/structures, wherein the electrode assembly comprises an anode structure and a cathode structure, each of said anode structure and cathode structure comprising an outlet header for evolved gas and spent liquid, wherein each of said anode structure and cathode structure comprising an outlet header for evolved gas and spent liquid, wherein the outlet header on the anode structure has a total internal volume of V.sub.A cm.sup.3 and the outlet header on the cathode structure has a total volume of V.sub.C cm.sup.3 wherein V.sub.A is less than V.sub.C, and/or i) the outlet header on the anode structure has an internal volume, V.sub.A cm.sup.3, an internal cross sectional area at the exit end of the header of A.sub.A cm.sup.2 and an internal length L.sub.A cm, and ii) the outlet header on the cathode structure has an internal volume, V.sub.C cm.sup.3, an internal cross sectional area at the exit end of the header of A.sub.C cm.sup.2 and an internal length L.sub.C cm, and one or both of the ratios V.sub.A/(A.sub.AL.sub.A) and V.sub.C/(A.sub.CL.sub.C) are less than 1.

The present invention relates to an electrode assembly and an electrolyser using said assemblies/structures, wherein the electrode assembly comprises an anode structure and a cathode structure, each of said anode structure and cathode structure comprising an outlet header for evolved gas and spent liquid, wherein each of said anode structure and cathode structure comprising an outlet header for evolved gas and spent liquid, wherein the outlet header on the anode structure has a total internal volume of V.sub.A cm.sup.3 and the outlet header on the cathode structure has a total volume of V.sub.C cm.sup.3 wherein V.sub.A is less than V.sub.C, and/or i) the outlet header on the anode structure has an internal volume, V.sub.A cm.sup.3, an internal cross sectional area at the exit end of the header of A.sub.A cm.sup.2 and an internal length L.sub.A cm, and ii) the outlet header on the cathode structure has an internal volume, V.sub.C cm.sup.3, an internal cross sectional area at the exit end of the header of A.sub.C cm.sup.2 and an internal length L.sub.C cm, and one or both of the ratios V.sub.A/(A.sub.AL.sub.A) and V.sub.C/(A.sub.CL.sub.C) are less than 1.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ in-creased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ in-creased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes

A gas diffusion electrode for an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, for example a fuel cell, including one or more gas permeable layers, a first conductive layer provided on a first side of the gas diffusion electrode, and a second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, provided on a second side of the gas diffusion electrode. The one or more gas permeable layers are positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, and the one or more gas permeable layers provide a gas channel. The one or more gas permeable layers are gas permeable and substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. The porous conductive material is gas permeable and liquid electrolyte permeable. The gas diffusion electrode can be one of a plurality of alternating anode/cathode sets.