A method of producing ammonium persulfate by electrolyzing ammonium sulfate is characterized in that an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution is supplied as an anode-side feedstock, a solution containing less than 1.0 mol of acid-derived acid dissociable hydrogen ions per 1.0 mol of amount of charge transfer is supplied as a cathode-side feedstock, and electrolysis is performed to produce ammonium persulfate on the anode side and at least ammonia on the cathode side. Since ammonium sulfate not dependent upon the ammonium sulfate produced within the system can be used as a main feedstock, the method is industrially advantageous and, further, because of an electrolytic method, the method enables the coproduction not only of ammonium persulfate but also of valuable materials such as ammonia and hydrogen and, furthermore, enables the production of ammonium persulfate at a high current efficiency.

A product container is provided. The product container includes a first product and an electrochemistry device configured to convert a portion of the first product into a second product, which is an unstable formulation.

This invention relates to a resource-recycling type method and apparatus for treating industrial wastewater using an oxidizing agent produced from wastewater, wherein, in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing nitrogen compounds and refractory COD-causing pollutants, an oxidizing agent is autonomously produced using ammonia gas stripped from wastewater and is then added back to the wastewater, thus economically treating the wastewater without the need to purchase an expensive oxidizing agent. This wastewater treatment method, suitable for use in decreasing amounts of nitrogen pollutants (T-N), including ethanolamine compounds and ammonia nitrogen (NH.sub.3N), and refractory COD-causing pollutants in industrial wastewater, includes: stripping ammonia from raw wastewater, producing an oxidizing agent via addition of sulfuric acid to the stripped ammonia, electrolysis and addition of sodium hydroxide, and performing chemical treatment by adding the produced oxidizing agent back to the raw wastewater from which ammonia was stripped, thus removing the nitrogen pollutants (T-N) and the refractory COD-causing pollutants, and the apparatus used to perform the wastewater treatment method is also provided.

Provided is a Cr-free plastic surface treatment method which can provide a plating film sufficiently adhered to a plastic surface. The plastic surface treatment method includes treating plastic with a solution obtained by electrolyzing sulfuric acid. It is preferable that the sulfuric acid concentration of the sulfuric acid solution is 50 to 92 wt %, the persulfuric acid concentration is not less than 3 g/L, and the treatment temperature is not lower than 80 C., for example, 80 to 140 C., particularly 100 to 130 C. By immersing plastic in this sulfuric acid solution for 1 minute to 10 minutes, hydrophilic functional groups are exposed on the surface of the plastic.

An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

An oral care implement having conductive protrusions. In one embodiment, the oral care implement includes a handle and a head coupled to the handle. Furthermore, the oral care implement includes a power source. A plurality of conductive protrusions may be electrically coupled to the power source. The plurality of conductive protrusions may include a base proximate the head and a distal end spaced from the head. Furthermore, at least one of the conductive protrusions may taper from the base to the distal end.

An oral care implement having conductive protrusions. In one embodiment, the oral care implement includes a handle and a head coupled to the handle. Furthermore, the oral care implement includes a power source. A plurality of conductive protrusions may be electrically coupled to the power source. The plurality of conductive protrusions may include a base proximate the head and a distal end spaced from the head. Furthermore, at least one of the conductive protrusions may taper from the base to the distal end.

An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

A cleaning method including a persulphuric acid producing step of causing a cleaning sulfuric acid solution to travel into an electrolyzing section and to circulate therethrough to produce persulphuric acid having a predetermined concentration by electrolysis in the electrolyzing section, a solution mixing step of mixing the sulfuric acid solution containing the persulphuric acid produced in the persulphuric acid producing step with a halide solution containing one or more types of halide ion without causing the solutions to travel into the electrolyzing section to produce a mixed solution having a post-mixture concentration of oxidant including the persulphuric acid that ranges from 0.001 to 2 mol/L, a heating step of heating the mixed solution, and a cleaning step of cleaning a semiconductor substrate by transporting the heated mixed solution to cause the heated mixed solution to come into contact with the semiconductor substrate.