A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

The invented bio-electrical system is a housing-electrode which allows insertion of another electrode for various electrochemical and bio-electrical applications. Together with other invented elements as well as standard components, the system is fully scalable, modular, and allows production and collection of gases under pressure. It can be built in many shapes, such as the embodied tubular shape. The design allows operation on unstable ground, for example on ships. Flow of electrolyte can be regulated and directed in cascaded reactions by opening and closing the compartments of the outer or the inner electrodes using the provided electrode holders. The redox conditions inside the system can be controlled using off-the-shelf power supplies which are controlled using the provided algorithm. Gas collection can be regulated based on the level of liquid inside the system using the provided float switches or conductivity probes even as the system is moving or operated under zero-gravity conditions.

The invented bio-electrical system is a housing-electrode which allows insertion of another electrode for various electrochemical and bio-electrical applications. Together with other invented elements as well as standard components, the system is fully scalable, modular, and allows production and collection of gases under pressure. It can be built in many shapes, such as the embodied tubular shape. The design allows operation on unstable ground, for example on ships. Flow of electrolyte can be regulated and directed in cascaded reactions by opening and closing the compartments of the outer or the inner electrodes using the provided electrode holders. The redox conditions inside the system can be controlled using off-the-shelf power supplies which are controlled using the provided algorithm. Gas collection can be regulated based on the level of liquid inside the system using the provided float switches or conductivity probes even as the system is moving or operated under zero-gravity conditions.

The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical flow cell that includes a gap positioned between an ion exchange membrane (IEM) and a cathode gas diffusion electrode (GDE), where the gap is positioned to contain a liquid and the gap has a thickness value, as defined by the distance between the IEM and the cathode GDE, of between greater than zero mm and less than about 2.0 mm. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the gap may be between about 0.1 mm and about 1.0 mm.

The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical flow cell that includes a gap positioned between an ion exchange membrane (IEM) and a cathode gas diffusion electrode (GDE), where the gap is positioned to contain a liquid and the gap has a thickness value, as defined by the distance between the IEM and the cathode GDE, of between greater than zero mm and less than about 2.0 mm. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the gap may be between about 0.1 mm and about 1.0 mm.

Provided are an ion exchange membrane that has excellent mechanical strength as well as can exhibit an excellent proton conductivity over a long period, a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell, a redox flow secondary battery, a water electrolyzer, and an electrolyzer for organic hydride synthesis.

An ion exchange membrane containing:

an electrolyte containing a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer; and

glass fiber having a SiO.sub.2 content of 99.9% by mass or more.

The current disclosure provides alternating current based systems and methods to develop chemical compounds, such as drug molecules using electrochemistry in organic synthesis.

The current disclosure provides alternating current based systems and methods to develop chemical compounds, such as drug molecules using electrochemistry in organic synthesis.

An abrupt interface electroreduction catalyst includes a porous gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer providing a sharp reaction interface. The electroreduction catalyst can be used for converting CO.sub.2 into a target product such as ethylene. The porous gas diffusion layer can be hydrophobic and configured for contacting gas-phase CO.sub.2 while the catalyst layer is disposed on and covers a reaction interface side of the porous gas diffusion layer. The catalyst layer has another side contacting an electrolyte and can be hydrophilic, composed a metal such as Cu and is sufficiently thin to prevent diffusion limitations of the reactant in the electrolyte and enhance selectivity for the target product. The electroreduction catalyst can be made by vapor deposition methods and can be used for electrochemical production of ethylene in reaction system.