-- An electrolysis cell unit capable of efficiently electrolyzing water and carbon dioxide is obtained. An electrolysis cell unit includes at least an electrolysis cell in which an electrode layer and a counter electrode layer are formed with an electrolyte layer interposed therebetween and a discharge path for discharging hydrogen generated in the electrode layer, in which the electrolysis cell being formed in a thin layer on a support and a reverse water-gas shift reaction unit that generates carbon monoxide using carbon dioxide and the hydrogen by a reverse water-gas shift reaction being provided in at least a portion of the discharge path.--

A hydrogen permeable membrane comprises a dense layer of a hydrogen permeable metal having first and second faces. The first face of the dense layer has a rough surface which may be formed for example by electrodeposition of a hydrogen permeable metal such as palladium. One or more co-catalysts are provided on the rough surface. The co-catalysts may comprise thin sputtered layers. The one or more co-catalysts have an area density not exceeding 20 .Math.g per cm.sup.2; and/or a majority of the co catalysts are in an outer portion of the rough surface, the outer portion of the rough surface being less than one half of a thickness of the rough surface defined by peaks of the rough surface. The membrane may be used in a cell to facilitate chemical reactions including hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation reactions.

A hydrogen permeable membrane comprises a dense layer of a hydrogen permeable metal having first and second faces. The first face of the dense layer has a rough surface which may be formed for example by electrodeposition of a hydrogen permeable metal such as palladium. One or more co-catalysts are provided on the rough surface. The co-catalysts may comprise thin sputtered layers. The one or more co-catalysts have an area density not exceeding 20 .Math.g per cm.sup.2; and/or a majority of the co catalysts are in an outer portion of the rough surface, the outer portion of the rough surface being less than one half of a thickness of the rough surface defined by peaks of the rough surface. The membrane may be used in a cell to facilitate chemical reactions including hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation reactions.

The present invention discloses a single stage energy efficient process for production of hydrogen enriched/mixed gas at low temperature. More particularly, the present invention discloses a single stage energy efficient process for production of hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (CNG) or LPG or biogas at low temperature.

The present invention discloses a single stage energy efficient process for production of hydrogen enriched/mixed gas at low temperature. More particularly, the present invention discloses a single stage energy efficient process for production of hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (CNG) or LPG or biogas at low temperature.

A redox ion exchange membrane may include an electrically-conductive material; and redox-active materials associated with that material, the redox-active materials having reversible oxidation and reduction properties. The redox-active materials may be inorganic nanostructures on the electrically-conductive material. A hydrogen production device and a fuel cell device may include such a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and anode. A method of producing hydrogen gas may include providing a cathode, an anode, and a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and the anode, and applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; where that applying causes simultaneous reciprocal reduction and oxidation reactions on opposite sides of the redox ion exchange membrane, such that H+ is released on one side of the redox ion exchange membrane

A redox ion exchange membrane may include an electrically-conductive material; and redox-active materials associated with that material, the redox-active materials having reversible oxidation and reduction properties. The redox-active materials may be inorganic nanostructures on the electrically-conductive material. A hydrogen production device and a fuel cell device may include such a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and anode. A method of producing hydrogen gas may include providing a cathode, an anode, and a redox ion exchange membrane positioned between the cathode and the anode, and applying electrical power to the cathode and the anode; where that applying causes simultaneous reciprocal reduction and oxidation reactions on opposite sides of the redox ion exchange membrane, such that H+ is released on one side of the redox ion exchange membrane

Herein discussed is a method of producing carbon monoxide comprising: (a) providing an electrochemical reactor having an anode, a cathode, and a mixed-conducting membrane between the anode and the cathode; (b) introducing a first stream to the anode, wherein the first stream comprises a fuel; (c) introducing a second stream to the cathode, wherein the second stream comprises carbon dioxide, wherein carbon monoxide is generated from carbon dioxide electrochemically; wherein the reactor generates no electricity and receives no electricity. In an embodiment, the anode and the cathode are separated by the membrane and are both exposed to reducing environments during the entire time of operation.

Herein discussed is an electrochemical reactor comprising a first electrode, wherein the first electrode is liquid when the reactor is in operation; a second electrode having a metallic phase and a ceramic phase, wherein the metallic phase is electronically conductive and wherein the ceramic phase is ionically conductive; and a membrane, wherein the membrane is positioned between the first and second electrodes and is in contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein the membrane is mixed conducting. Also discussed herein is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising: (a) providing an electrochemical reactor having an anode, a cathode, and a membrane between the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode is liquid when the reactor is in operation and wherein the membrane is mixed conducting; (b) introducing a feedstock to the anode; (c) introducing a stream to the cathode, wherein the stream comprises water or carbon dioxide.

The present disclosure relates to composite materials comprising a reinforcement material and a cationic polyelectrolyte, such as a porous reinforcement material impregnated with the cationic poly electrolyte. The present disclosure further relates to membrane electrode assemblies comprising the composites of the disclosure, and electrochemical devices comprising the disclosed membrane electrode assemblies.