Fuel production system includes: synthesis gas generation unit configured to generate synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from carbon-containing raw material; fuel production unit configured to produce fuel from synthesis gas generated; water electrolyzer configured to electrolyze water to generate water-electrolyzed hydrogen; hydrogen supply unit configured to supply water-electrolyzed hydrogen generated to synthesis gas generation unit; and controller. The controller is configured to perform: calculating input energy based on first energy possessed by raw material, second energy consumed by water electrolyzer, third energy consumed by synthesis gas generation unit, and fourth energy consumed by fuel production unit; calculating recovered energy based on fifth energy possessed by fuel produced; and controlling water electrolyzer based on input energy and recovered energy calculated.

Herein discussed is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising introducing a waste gas having a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol % into an electrochemical (EC) reactor, wherein the EC reactor comprises a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase. Also disclosed herein is an integrated hydrogen production system comprising a waste gas source and an electrochemical (EC) reactor comprising a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase, wherein the waste gas source is configured to send its exhaust to the EC reactor, wherein the exhaust has a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol %.

A process for preparing synthetic hydrocarbons from a biomass feedstock is provided. The process involves electrolyzing water in an electrolyzer to produce oxygen and hydrogen, using the generated oxygen to gasify a biomass feedstock under partial oxidation reaction conditions to generate a hydrogen lean syngas, adding at least a portion of the generated hydrogen to the hydrogen lean syngas to formulate hydrogen rich syngas, which is reacted a Fischer Tropsch (FT) reactor to produce the synthetic hydrocarbons and water. At least a portion of the water produced in the FT reaction is recycled for use in the electrolysis step, and optionally using heat generated from the FT reaction to dry the biomass feedstock.

The invention provides a method of reducing dinitrogen to produce at least one haloamine compound, the method comprising: contacting a cathode comprising a dinitrogen-activating electrocatalytic composition with an electrolyte; providing dinitrogen, a reducible source of halogen and a source of hydrogen for reaction at the cathode; and applying a potential at the cathode sufficient to reduce the dinitrogen on the dinitrogen-activating electrocatalytic composition in the presence of the reducible source of halogen and the source of hydrogen, thereby producing at least one haloamine compound.

A stable discharge pressure of compressed hydrogen gas generated from the electrolysis of water is achieved and maintained at the outlet of a “hybrid” multistage compression system comprising at least a first section comprising at least one centrifugal compressor powered at least in part by electricity generated from at least one renewable energy source and a further section downstream of the first section, wherein the further section comprises at least one reciprocating compressor.

Energy efficiency and/or operational stability of a multistage compression system comprising a plurality (N) of centrifugal compressors that is compressing a gas feed having a variable flow rate is improved by adjusting reversibly the load on each compressor in response to changes in the flow rate of the gas feed using a main recycle system to enable operation of the centrifugal compressors at turndown capacity during periods when the flow rate is below total turndown capacity for all of the compressors, and if necessary, using the local recycle systems in order to avoid activation of anti-surge control, and switching one or more centrifugal compressors into low power mode or shutdown mode as required.

The invention relates to a method for producing isocyanates and optionally polyurethanes by at least: synthesising (1) phosgene (20) from carbon monoxide (21) and chlorine (22); reacting (2) phosgene (20) with diamines (23) to form diisocyanates (24) and hydrogen chloride (25); providing a carbon dioxide gas flow (31); and cleaning (4) the carbon dioxide gas flow (31) of additional components, wherein the carbon dioxide is converted by means of an RWGS reaction (6) to form carbon monoxide (21) and hydrogen (29), which are used as raw materials for the polyurethane production, as well as optionally reacting (3) the diisocyanates (24) with polyether polyol (35a) and/or polyester polyol (35b) to form polyurethanes (37).

A containerized system for producing anhydrous ammonia from air, water and a power source, includes a containerized hydrogen production unit that produces hydrogen gas from a water source by low temperature electrolyser, high temperature electrolyser, battolyser or by other methods; a containerized nitrogen production unit comprising an onboard air compression and storage unit that produces and stores pressurized air, a pressure swing adsorption process or other methods that use regenerative molecule that does not need any maintenance, which intakes compressed air and produces nitrogen gas through a series of adsorption and desorption processes, or other such methods of producing nitrogen from air; a containerized ammonia production unit comprising a gas booster that increases the pressure of a mixture of the hydrogen gas and the nitrogen gas using the pressurized air; a multi-reactor assembly joint in series or in parallel; and a recycle loop that separates the ammonia from unreacted gases.

An ammonia derivative production plant includes: an electrolyzer for electrolyzing water; an ammonia synthesis system for synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer and nitrogen; a carbon dioxide generation system for producing carbon dioxide; and an ammonia derivative synthesis system for synthesizing an ammonia derivative from ammonia synthesized by the ammonia synthesis system and carbon dioxide produced by the carbon dioxide generation system. Oxygen produced by the electrolyzer is consumed to produce carbon dioxide by the carbon dioxide generation system.

A system preferably including a carbon dioxide reactor. A method for carbon dioxide reactor control, preferably including selecting carbon dioxide reactor aspects based on a desired output composition, running a carbon dioxide reactor under controlled process conditions to produce a desired output composition, and/or altering the process conditions to alter the output composition.