The invention relates to a method for the electrochemical polishing of metal surfaces by means of repeating pulse sequences, wherein at least one anodic pulse is provided, the current intensity of which rises continuously in the time curve up to a specifiable value. The invention further relates to the use of said method for components produced in 3-D and to a system therefor.

A copper alloy plate containing in a center part of a plate thickness direction more than 2.0% (% by mass) and 32.5% or less of Zn; 0.1% or more and 0.9% or less of Sn; 0.05% or more and less than 1.0% of Ni; 0.001% or more and less than 0.1% of Fe, and 0.005% or more and 0.1% or less of P; and the balance Cu, including a surface layer part in which a surface Zn concentration in a surface is 60% or less of a center Zn concentration in the center part, having a depth from the surface to where Zn concentration is 90% of the center Zn concentration; and in the surface layer, the Zn concentration increases from the surface toward the center part in the plate thickness direction at a concentration gradient of 10% by mass/μm or more and 1000% by mass/μm or less.

A method and an electrocatalytic electrode for electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide to methanol are provided. An exemplary electrocatalytic electrode includes copper (I) oxide crystals electrodeposited over an atomically smooth copper electrode.

Systems and methods for achieving uniformity across a redistribution layer are described. One of the methods includes patterning a photoresist layer over a substrate. The patterning defines a region for a conductive line and a via disposed below the region for the conductive line. The method further includes depositing a conductive material in between the patterned photoresist layer, such that the conductive material fills the via and the region for the conductive line. The depositing causes an overgrowth of conductive material of the conductive line to form a bump of the conductive material over the via. The method also includes planarizing a top surface of the conductive line while maintaining the patterned photoresist layer present over the substrate. The planarizing is facilitated by exerting a horizontal shear force over the conductive line and the bump. The planarizing is performed to flatten the bump.

The invention relates to a device for burnishing and smoothing metal parts, particularly suitable for use in mechanical-galvanic processes, comprising a main body (3) having a securing disc (6) to which guides (7) are radially coupled and the body of which includes at least three mobile drive systems (5) which are actuated by electromechanical means and move in a synchronised concentric manner, approaching and moving away from the central point and acting on a rotating structure (41) from equidistant angles, said structure being centrally located and coupled in a detachable head (4) that is coupled centrally relative to, and above, a cylindrical tank (2). The drivers (5), provided with brushes (51), move from an open position in which they remain separate from one another and at a distance from the centre, into a closed position in which they are joined to one another in the centre of the tank (2), coming into contact with the structure (41) containing the parts to be treated. The structure (41), coupled to a casing (8), consists of a vertical rod provided with securing means (42) for the parts to be treated.

An electrolyte for electrochemical machining of a γ-γ′ nickel-based superalloy includes NaNO.sub.3 at a content of between 10 and 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; an additive chosen from KBr, NaBr, KI, NaI and mixtures thereof, in an additive/NaNO.sub.3 molar ratio of between 1 and 15; optionally an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-based complexing agent at a content of between 1 and 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte at a pH of between 6 and 12; optionally an anionic surfactant at a content of between 1 and 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; optionally NaOH to obtain the appropriate pH; and an aqueous solvent.

An electrolyte for electrochemical machining of a γ-γ′ nickel-based superalloy includes NaNO.sub.3 at a content of between 10 and 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; an additive chosen from KBr, NaBr, KI, NaI and mixtures thereof, in an additive/NaNO.sub.3 molar ratio of between 1 and 15; optionally an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-based complexing agent at a content of between 1 and 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte at a pH of between 6 and 12; optionally an anionic surfactant at a content of between 1 and 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; optionally NaOH to obtain the appropriate pH; and an aqueous solvent.

A method for electrochemical machining of a metallic article formed by additive manufacturing includes obtaining or producing the metallic article. The metallic article includes an interior surface and a geometry. The method further includes inserting a flexible, metallic cathode tube into the article. The metallic cathode is spaced apart from the interior surface of the article, and the metallic cathode tube is inserted so as to conform to the geometry of the article. Still further, the method includes introducing an electrolyte fluid into the metallic cathode tube and the interior surface of the article and electrochemical machining the metallic article by applying a voltage across the cathode tube and the metallic article, the metallic article functioning as an anode.

A method for electrochemical machining of a metallic article formed by additive manufacturing includes obtaining or producing the metallic article. The metallic article includes an interior surface and a geometry. The method further includes inserting a flexible, metallic cathode tube into the article. The metallic cathode is spaced apart from the interior surface of the article, and the metallic cathode tube is inserted so as to conform to the geometry of the article. Still further, the method includes introducing an electrolyte fluid into the metallic cathode tube and the interior surface of the article and electrochemical machining the metallic article by applying a voltage across the cathode tube and the metallic article, the metallic article functioning as an anode.

An electrolyte for the electrochemical machining of a γ-γ″ nickel-based superalloy, includes NaNO3 in a content of between 10% and 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; a complexing agent selected from sulfosalicylic acid at a pH of between 3 and 10 and nitrilotriacetic acid at a pH of between 7 and 14, the complexing agent being present in a content of between 1% and 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; optionally, an anionic surfactant in a content of between 1% and 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte; optionally, NaOH in order to obtain the desired pH; and an aqueous solvent.