A technique for varying buoyancy of an apparatus includes providing a substrate configured to produce gas on demand when exposed to a liquid, exposing the substrate to such liquid, and capturing the gas produced by the substrate to increase the buoyancy of the apparatus within a fluid. In some examples, the liquid and the fluid contain the same material, such that gas may be produced using fluid already in the environment.

The method includes two technological segments (i) a reduction segment and (ii) an oxidation segment that are interconnected by various support technological processes for the regeneration of solutions and gases and heat recuperation. The reduction segment includes an electrolysis that is performed from a solution of chloride salts of an energy carrier. During the electrolysis, these elements reduce to a lower oxidation state, solidify on the electrodes or precipitate to a solid state. The solid substance thus obtained is the energy carrier that can be stored outside of the electrolyser until a need for additional energy emerges. During the electrolysis, chlorine gas develops that is collected and dissolved in water. An HCl solution is regenerated, which is used in the oxidation segment. Oxygen is released in this process. The energy that has thus been stored in the oxidation potential of the energy carrier is released during a spontaneous chemical reaction between the energy carrier and the HCl solution in the oxidation segment. In this chemical reaction, the oxidation state of the chemical elements which constitute the energy carrier is increased to an oxidation state identical to that from before the beginning of the electrolysis. The reaction product hydrogen is formed that represents a high calorific fuel. This fuel can be immediately converted to heat or electrical energy, without a need for intermediate storage, by known methods. Only water enters the entire method, oxygen and hydrogen leave, while the cycle is closed/cyclic for the remaining substances.

The method includes two technological segments (i) a reduction segment and (ii) an oxidation segment that are interconnected by various support technological processes for the regeneration of solutions and gases and heat recuperation. The reduction segment includes an electrolysis that is performed from a solution of chloride salts of an energy carrier. During the electrolysis, these elements reduce to a lower oxidation state, solidify on the electrodes or precipitate to a solid state. The solid substance thus obtained is the energy carrier that can be stored outside of the electrolyser until a need for additional energy emerges. During the electrolysis, chlorine gas develops that is collected and dissolved in water. An HCl solution is regenerated, which is used in the oxidation segment. Oxygen is released in this process. The energy that has thus been stored in the oxidation potential of the energy carrier is released during a spontaneous chemical reaction between the energy carrier and the HCl solution in the oxidation segment. In this chemical reaction, the oxidation state of the chemical elements which constitute the energy carrier is increased to an oxidation state identical to that from before the beginning of the electrolysis. The reaction product hydrogen is formed that represents a high calorific fuel. This fuel can be immediately converted to heat or electrical energy, without a need for intermediate storage, by known methods. Only water enters the entire method, oxygen and hydrogen leave, while the cycle is closed/cyclic for the remaining substances.

The process describes the capability of solid-state metals to oxidize in water to produce hydrogen when stimulated by laser. The solid-state metals with an adherent surface layer of the oxide component is introduced into water or another suitable oxidizer. The metal-oxidizer reaction to form hydrogen is initiated and maintained by a laser periodically/continually ablating the metal. The energy, pulse duration and wavelength of the laser may be tailored to control the rate of reaction of the source material with the oxidizer, and thereby control the rate of formation of hydrogen. Application of energy produced by such method may include powering large scale commercial and residential energy companies, providing sustainable and continuous fuel for intergalactic missions, providing an alternative fuel sources for on-board hydrogen-powered vehicles and smaller scale applications such as emergency generators.

The process describes the capability of solid-state metals to oxidize in water to produce hydrogen when stimulated by laser. The solid-state metals with an adherent surface layer of the oxide component is introduced into water or another suitable oxidizer. The metal-oxidizer reaction to form hydrogen is initiated and maintained by a laser periodically/continually ablating the metal. The energy, pulse duration and wavelength of the laser may be tailored to control the rate of reaction of the source material with the oxidizer, and thereby control the rate of formation of hydrogen. Application of energy produced by such method may include powering large scale commercial and residential energy companies, providing sustainable and continuous fuel for intergalactic missions, providing an alternative fuel sources for on-board hydrogen-powered vehicles and smaller scale applications such as emergency generators.

The present disclosure discloses a method for preparing hydrogen from secondary aluminum ash, including the following steps: S1. preparing secondary aluminum ash, and subjecting a reaction device to an oxygen replacement treatment; S2. feeding the secondary aluminum ash into the reaction device, adding water, conducting a first hydrolysis reaction to obtain a first gas, and introducing the first gas into a gas collection cabinet; S3. adding calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide subsequently to the reaction device, conducting a second hydrolysis reaction to obtain a second gas, and introducing the second gas into the gas collection cabinet; and S4. subjecting a gas mixture in the gas collection cabinet to separation and purification to obtain hydrogen. The method is conducive to improving a hydrogen yield and reducing the toxicity of process products.

The present disclosure discloses a method for preparing hydrogen from secondary aluminum ash, including the following steps: S1. preparing secondary aluminum ash, and subjecting a reaction device to an oxygen replacement treatment; S2. feeding the secondary aluminum ash into the reaction device, adding water, conducting a first hydrolysis reaction to obtain a first gas, and introducing the first gas into a gas collection cabinet; S3. adding calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide subsequently to the reaction device, conducting a second hydrolysis reaction to obtain a second gas, and introducing the second gas into the gas collection cabinet; and S4. subjecting a gas mixture in the gas collection cabinet to separation and purification to obtain hydrogen. The method is conducive to improving a hydrogen yield and reducing the toxicity of process products.

Portable device (1) for producing hydrogen from a hydrogen precursor and a liquid, this device comprisinga main chamber (2), intended for receiving said hydrogen precursor and said liquid, an additional chamber (6), intended for collecting the hydrogen thus produced, a separation membrane (5), defining said main chamber relative to said additional chamber, means (8) for discharging the hydrogen out of the additional chamber, and characterized in that it comprises heat exchange means (21), provided on at least one portion of the periphery of said main chamber. This device produces pure hydrogen which may supply a fuel cell.

Portable device (1) for producing hydrogen from a hydrogen precursor and a liquid, this device comprisinga main chamber (2), intended for receiving said hydrogen precursor and said liquid, an additional chamber (6), intended for collecting the hydrogen thus produced, a separation membrane (5), defining said main chamber relative to said additional chamber, means (8) for discharging the hydrogen out of the additional chamber, and characterized in that it comprises heat exchange means (21), provided on at least one portion of the periphery of said main chamber. This device produces pure hydrogen which may supply a fuel cell.

Waste water is treated by contacting it with sodium to form hydrogen which is then contacted with air in a combustion chamber to produce clean water and heat.