The invention relates to a process for producing synthesis gas (5) in which hydrocarbon (2) is decomposed thermally in, a first reaction zone (11) to hydrogen and carbon, and hydrogen formed is passed from the first reaction zone (Z1) into a second action zone (Z2) in order to be reacted therein with carbon dioxide (4) to give water and carbon monoxide. The characteristic feature here is that energy required for the thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon is supplied to the first reaction zone (Z1) from the second reaction zone (Z2).

Disclosed is a method for production of synthesis gas and ethylene by a combined oxidative coupling and dry reforming of methane process. Heat generated from the oxidative coupling of methane can be used to drive the endothermic dry reforming of methane reaction.

A method and apparatus for upgrading heavy oil is described, having a symbiotic relationship between a cracking reactor vessel and a steam reformer vessel. A first portion of an uncracked residue oil stream from the cracking reactor vessel is passed through a heat exchanger positioned within the steam reformer vessel and back to the cracking reactor vessel, such that a heat exchange takes place which heats the uncracked residue oil stream to promote cracking. A second portion of the uncracked residue oil stream from the cracking reactor vessel is injected directly into the steam reformer vessel. That portion of the uncracked residue oil stream not vaporized in the steam reformer vessel is converted into coke which becomes deposited in a fluidized bed of the steam reformer vessel. The fluidized bed activates steam which reacts with the coke to generate hydrogen. Hydrogen from the steam reformer vessel is directed into the cracking reactor vessel to assist with cracking.

A fuel cell system including a fuel cell, an off-gas reprocessing unit that is provided downstream of the fuel cell and that at least partially removes at least one of steam or carbon dioxide from an off-gas discharged from the fuel cell, a flow passage that is provided downstream of the off-gas reprocessing unit and that allows a reprocessed off-gas discharged from the off-gas reprocessing unit to flow therethrough, and a controlling unit that modulates the reaction constant K.sub.pa of a reaction A with respect to the reprocessed off-gas discharged from the off-gas reprocessing unit, to 1.22 or more.

The present disclosure relates generally to portable energy generation devices and methods. The devices are designed to covert formic acid into released hydrogen, alleviating the need for a hydrogen tank as a hydrogen source for fuel cell power. In particular, an electricity generation device for powering a battery comprising a formic acid reservoir containing a liquid consisting of formic acid; a reaction chamber capable of using a catalyst and heat to convert the formic acid to hydrogen and carbon dioxide; a fuel cell that generates electricity; a delivery system for moving converted hydrogen into the fuel cell; and a battery powered by electricity generated by the fuel cell is provided.

Techniques for converting carbonate material to carbon monoxide include transferring heat and at least one feed stream that includes a carbonate material and at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, water, or a hydrocarbon, into an integrated calcination and syngas production system that includes a syngas generating calciner (SGC) reactor; calcining the carbonate material to produce a carbon dioxide product and a solid oxide product; initiating a syngas production reaction; producing, from the syngas production reaction, at least one syngas product that includes at least one of a carbon monoxide product, a water product or a hydrogen product; and transferring at least one of the solid oxide product or the at least one syngas product out of the SGC reactor.

A method of operating a solid oxide cell system comprises generating an electrochemical conversion from one of: (i) water steam H.sub.2O(g); and (ii) a mixture comprising water steam H.sub.2O(g) and carbon dioxide CO.sub.2. A quantity of at least one other substance is added into the one of the water steam H.sub.2O(g) and the mixture comprising water steam H.sub.2O(g) and carbon dioxide CO.sub.2. The at least one other substance comprises a hydrocarbon C.sub.mH.sub.n. The quantity of the at least one other substance is converted into a syngas CO+H.sub.2. An endothermic reforming of the mixed-in hydrocarbons occurs by coupling-in waste heat from the electrochemical conversion. The additional quantity of the at least one substance is added compensate for effects of a degradation of the solid oxide cells of the solid oxide cell system. A total quantity of the hydrogen H.sub.2 generated by the solid oxide cell system is kept constant.

The present invention proposes a plant (110) for producing reaction products. The plant (110) comprises at least a preheater (114). The plant (110) comprises at least one raw material supply (118) which is adapted for supplying at least one raw material to the preheater (114). The preheater (114) is adapted for preheating the raw material to a predetermined temperature. The plant (110) comprises at least one electrically heatable reactor (122). The electrically heatable reactor (122) is adapted for at least partially converting the preheated raw material into reaction products and byproducts. The plant (110) comprises at least one heat integration apparatus (132) which is adapted for at least partially supplying the byproducts to the preheater (114). The preheater (114) is adapted for at least partially utilizing energy required for preheating the raw material from the byproducts.

Hydrogen-fueled gas turbine power system comprising a compressor (22), a combustor (24) and a turbine (26) as well as a fuel supply device (10). The fuel supply device (10) has the form of a hydrogen gas producing reactor system with at least one reactor (12) based on sorption enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR) and/or sorption enhanced water gas shift (SE-WGS) of syngas The reactor (12) is connected in a closed loop with a regenerator (14) for circulating and regenerating a CO.sub.2 absorber between the reactor (12) and the regenerator (14). Additionally, there is a closed heat exchange loop (21) between the regenerator (14) of the hydrogen gas producing reactor system (10) and the downstream end of the combustor (24) or the upstream end of the turbine (26). A method of its use is also contemplated.

A fuel cell system includes a reformer, fuel cell stacks, and an exhaust-gas combustor. The reformer has a tubular shape extending in an axial direction and reforms raw fuel into combustion gas. The fuel cell stacks generate electric power from the fuel gas and oxidant gas. The fuel cell stacks are arranged radially outward of the reformer in a circumferential direction to face the reformer in a radial direction. The exhaust-gas combustor burns fuel gas that is not used and included in exhaust gas from the fuel cell stacks. The exhaust-gas combustor is arranged radially inward of the reformer to face the reformer in the radial direction. Each fuel cell stack includes flat plate type cells stacked in the radial direction. This achieves downsizing of the fuel cell system.