The present invention relates to a method to prevent the fluidization of a catalytic fixed bed present in a tubular reactor operated in upward-flow configuration by estimating a pressure drop margin remaining before fluidization of the catalytic bed and adjusting the reactant gas flow in response. It relates also to a method to operate safely a furnace suitable for performing endothermic reactions containing a plurality of catalytic fixed bed reactors operated in upward-flow configuration, and to a method to debottleneck safely a catalytic fixed bed reactor involving a gas flowing in up flow direction.

A hydride flow reactor includes a tank configured to receive a hydride fuel. The reactor also includes a tubular member coupled to the tank and configured to receive the hydride fuel from the tank. The reactor also includes a transporter positioned at least partially within the tubular member and configured to transport the hydride fuel through the tubular member. The reactor also includes a heater positioned at least partially around the tubular member and the transporter. The heater is configured to heat the hydride fuel in the tubular member to convert the hydride fuel into hydrogen gas and a reacted byproduct.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. A heater may heat reformers, where the reformers comprise ammonia (NH.sub.3) reforming catalysts in thermal communication with the heater. NH.sub.3 may be directed to the reformers from storage tanks, and the NH.sub.3 may be decomposed to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H.sub.2) and nitrogen (N.sub.2). At least part of the reformate stream can be used to heat reformers. Additionally, the reformate stream can be directed to a hydrogen processing module such as a fuel cell.

Methods for dry reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed and carbon dioxide feed to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

Methods for steam reforming over a modified red mud catalyst composition, one method including providing a methane feed and a steam feed to react over the modified red mud catalyst composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore; nickel oxide, the nickel oxide present at between about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition; and a Periodic Table Group VIB metal oxide, the Group VIB metal oxide present at between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition.

Methods for bi-reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed in the presence of carbon dioxide and steam to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

Methods for steam reforming over a modified red mud catalyst composition, one method including providing a methane feed and a steam feed to react over the modified red mud catalyst composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore; nickel oxide, the nickel oxide present at between about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition; and a Periodic Table Group VIB metal oxide, the Group VIB metal oxide present at between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition.

A method for producing methanol includes obtaining reformed gas by subjecting raw material gas containing methane to partial oxidation reforming by use of oxygen; reducing a CO/CO.sub.2 ratio in the reformed gas; and obtaining produced gas containing methanol from the reformed gas with the reduced CO/CO.sub.2 ratio by using any of a fixed-bed reactor and an isothermal reactor.

Methods for dry reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed and carbon dioxide feed to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. A heater may heat reformers, where the reformers comprise ammonia (NH.sub.3) reforming catalysts in thermal communication with the heater. NH.sub.3 may be directed to the reformers from storage tanks, and the NH.sub.3 may be decomposed to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H.sub.2) and nitrogen (N.sub.2). At least part of the reformate stream can be used to heat reformers. Additionally, the reformate stream can be directed to a hydrogen processing module such as a fuel cell.