CATALYST CARRIER FOR DRY REFORMING PROCESSES

Abstract

Methods for dry reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed and carbon dioxide feed to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

Claims

1. A method for dry reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, the method comprising the steps of: providing a methane feed and carbon dioxide feed to react in a dry reforming reaction over the red mud catalyst support composition at a temperature between about 500° C. to about 1000° C. and a pressure between about 5 bar and about 20 bar to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the red mud catalyst support composition comprising: caustic red mud waste material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore, where the methane conversion rate via dry reforming is at least about 4% for at least about 6 hours.

2. The method according to claim 1, where the red mud catalyst support composition further comprises at least one added catalytic metal, the added catalytic metal not being present at greater than about 1 wt. % in the caustic red mud waste material produced from the alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

3. The method according to claim 2, where the at least one added catalytic metal is a Periodic Table Group 3-12 metal.

4. (canceled)

5. The method according to claim 1, where the increased temperature is between about 600° C. to about 800° C.

6. The method according to claim 1, where the increased temperature is between about 700° C. to about 750° C.

7. (canceled)

8. The method according to claim 1, where the increased pressure is between about 7 bar and about 15 bar.

9. The method according to claim 1, where the increased pressure is about 14 bar.

10. The method according to claim 1, where the methane conversion rate is at least about 10% for at least about 6 hours.

11. (canceled)

12. The method according to claim 1, where gas hourly space velocity of the methane feed and carbon dioxide feed mixed is between about 1000 h.sup.−1 to 10000 h.sup.−1.

13. The method according to claim 1, where the red mud catalyst support composition includes at least one component selected from the group consisting of: Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, Na.sub.2O, CaO, and TiO.sub.2.

14. The method according to claim 1, where a majority of particles of the red mud catalyst support composition have a particle size of less than about 70 μm.

15. The method according to claim 1, where a molar ratio of the methane feed to the carbon dioxide feed is between about 1:1 and about 1:1.75.

16. The method according to claim 1, where produced H.sub.2 is at least about 5 mol. % of produced products from the dry reforming reaction.

17. The method according to claim 1, where the red mud catalyst support composition includes between about 20 wt. % and about 30 wt. % Al.sub.2O.sub.3, between about 5 wt. % and about 10 wt. % CaO, between about 15 wt. % and about 25 wt. % Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, between about 5 wt. % and about 15 wt. % Na.sub.2O, between about 15 wt. % and about 25 wt. % SiO.sub.2, and between about 5 wt. % and about 10 wt. % TiO.sub.2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood with regard to the following descriptions, claims, and accompanying drawing. It is to be noted, however, that the drawing illustrates only several embodiments of the disclosure and is therefore not to be considered limiting of the disclosure's scope as it can admit to other equally effective embodiments.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a graph showing conversion percentage for CH.sub.4 in a dry reforming process for unmodified red mud used as a catalyst support and for MgO used as a catalyst support.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the embodiments of compositions of red mud along with systems and methods for dry reforming with such compositions, may be understood in more detail, a more particular description of the embodiments of the present disclosure briefly summarized previously may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawing, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawing illustrates only various embodiments of the disclosure and is therefore not to be considered limiting of the present disclosure's scope, as it may include other effective embodiments as well.

[0013] As noted, red mud is a caustic waste material generated during alumina extraction from bauxite ore. Red mud includes a mixture of transition metals, for example as listed in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example composition ranges for global red mud. Component Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 SiO.sub.2 Na.sub.2O CaO TiO.sub.2 Approx. 30-60% 10-20% 3-50% 2-10% 2-8% 10% Weight Percentage

[0014] A Saudi Arabian red mud sample was evaluated for dry reforming activities at different temperatures and pressures, as shown in FIG. 1. The results are compared to MgO catalyst support material. MgO is a commercially-available catalyst support material known for a variety of reforming processes with a surface area of about 29 m.sup.2/g. The MgO was tested as received. FIG. 1 shows that red mud surprisingly and unexpectedly outperforms MgO as a support for dry reforming catalyst in terms of methane conversion, especially at high pressure which is a preferred condition for industry application of dry reforming. Red mud samples show high conversion rates during early startup of the reaction, for example up to and at about 5 hours, which enhances the overall dry reforming process and startup.

[0015] Saudi Arabian red mud from Ma'aden Aluminium Company, based at Ras Al Khair, Saudi Arabia was used in the test runs. Table 2 shows the weight percent for certain components in the Saudi Arabian red mud composition.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Certain component weight percentages in Saudi Arabian red mud (RM) catalyst/catalyst support composition. Component Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 SiO.sub.2 Na.sub.2O CaO TiO.sub.2 Weight 18.75% 25.22% 18.88% 11.77% 7.97% 6.89% Percentage

[0016] The red mud was tested as-is without further treatment, for example acid or base treatment, for use as a catalyst support with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of about 16 m.sup.2/g.

[0017] Several tests on red mud support catalytic activity and MgO support catalytic activity for dry reforming were experimentally conducted. Saudi Arabian red mud was tested as received as a catalyst support without any modifications, and it was placed in an Avantium Flowrence® catalyst testing reactor to perform dry reforming experiments, and similar tests were performed for the MgO catalyst support. The Avantium Flowrence® reactor is a flexible, high-throughput catalyst testing system that was operated using about 0.5 g of catalyst support samples. The results are compared, for example, in FIG. 1. Results show that red mud support catalytic activity for dry reforming is advantageously improved over MgO support catalytic activity for dry reforming.

[0018] FIG. 1 is a graph showing conversion percentage for CH.sub.4 in a dry reforming process for unmodified red mud used as a catalyst support and for MgO used as a catalyst support. Experimental conditions in the dry reforming reactor included temperatures at about 700° C. and 750° C., and pressures at about 7 bar and 14 bar. In some embodiments, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of the mixed feed is between about 1000 h.sup.−1 and 10000 h.sup.−1, or at about 1477 h.sup.−1. The tests were conducted for 20 hours. Catalysts tolerant at high pressure are favored for dry reforming processes. The feed was about 50 mol. % methane and about 50 mol. % CO.sub.2 for both catalyst supports tested. The GHSV was calculated for the mixed feed, and GHSV generally measures the flow rate of the feed gases divided by the catalyst volume, which indicates the residence time of the reactants on the catalyst.

[0019] For dry reforming, the feed composition will include CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2. In some embodiments for dry reforming, a feed will consist essentially of or consist of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2. Based on thermodynamics, the molar ratio of the feed for CH.sub.4 to CO.sub.2 can be about 1:1. However, some other embodiments showed that greater CO.sub.2 concentrations up to 1:1.75 (mole CH.sub.4 to mole CO.sub.2) surprisingly and unexpectedly enhanced H.sub.2 production according to Equation 1.

[0020] Methane conversion illustrated in FIG. 1 shows red mud catalyst support catalytic activity outperformed its counterpart, the MgO. Methane conversion by red mud reached up to 14%, and remained above that of MgO during the experiments' durations. On the other hand, MgO methane conversion maxed out at below about 4%. The greater conversion rate of red mud can be attributed in part to the presence of advantageous transition metals in the red mud.

[0021] By increasing CH.sub.4 conversion, hydrogen production according to Equation 1 is also increased.

[0022] The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “about” when used with respect to a value or range refers to values including plus and minus 5% of the given value or range.

[0023] In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed example embodiments of the present disclosure, and although specific terms are employed, the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in considerable detail with specific reference to these illustrated embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that various modifications and changes can be made within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as described in the foregoing specification, and such modifications and changes are to be considered equivalents and part of this disclosure.