A closed-loop large-scale preparation method of fluoride nanomaterial is disclosed, comprising the following steps: dissolving initial raw material into water-soluble salt by using volatile acid; evaporating the remaining acid under reduced pressure and recovering; then, adding oily organic matter with high boiling point to continue to evaporate the combined volatile acid under reduced pressure; adding an oil-soluble fluorine source to the generated oil-soluble salt; increasing the reaction temperature to increase the crystallinity of the fluoride; after cooling, separating and recovering the product and the oily organic matter; and repeating the process to realize large-scale preparation. The method uses the closed-loop process flow, does not discharge waste, and has high device yield per unit volume, low production cost and low specified asset investment. The product has the characteristics of uniform particle size and good dispersibility. The method is a user-friendly and environment-friendly large-scale preparation method of the fluoride nanoparticles.

The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. The fluoride-conducting encapsulant may comprise one or more metals. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.

The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. The fluoride-conducting encapsulant may comprise one or more metals. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.

Provided is a slurry for suspension plasma spraying, which is a spray material used for suspension plasma spraying in an atmosphere including an oxygen-containing gas, contains 5-40 mass % of rare earth fluoride particles having a maximum particle diameter (D100) of 12 μm or less, and contains one or more types of solvent selected from among water and organic solvents. A rare earth acid fluoride-containing sprayed film, in which process shift and particle generation hardly occur, can be stably formed on a base material by carrying out suspension plasma spraying in an atmosphere including an oxygen-containing gas. A spraying member provided with this sprayed film exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to halogen-based gas plasma.

Provided is a slurry for suspension plasma spraying, which is a spray material used for suspension plasma spraying in an atmosphere including an oxygen-containing gas, contains 5-40 mass % of rare earth fluoride particles having a maximum particle diameter (D100) of 12 μm or less, and contains one or more types of solvent selected from among water and organic solvents. A rare earth acid fluoride-containing sprayed film, in which process shift and particle generation hardly occur, can be stably formed on a base material by carrying out suspension plasma spraying in an atmosphere including an oxygen-containing gas. A spraying member provided with this sprayed film exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to halogen-based gas plasma.

A sprayed coating having a multilayer structure including a lower layer made a sprayed coating containing a rare earth oxide, and a surface layer made of another sprayed coating containing a rare earth fluoride and/or a rare earth oxyfluoride, the multilayered sprayed coating having a volume resistivity at 23° C. and a volume resistivity at 200° C., the volume resistivity at 23° C. being 1×10.sup.9 to 1×10.sup.12 Ω.Math.cm, and a temperature index of the volume resistivities defined by the ratio of the volume resistivity at 200° C. to the volume resistivity at 23° C. being 0.1 to 10.

A sprayed coating having a multilayer structure including a lower layer made a sprayed coating containing a rare earth oxide, and a surface layer made of another sprayed coating containing a rare earth fluoride and/or a rare earth oxyfluoride, the multilayered sprayed coating having a volume resistivity at 23° C. and a volume resistivity at 200° C., the volume resistivity at 23° C. being 1×10.sup.9 to 1×10.sup.12 Ω.Math.cm, and a temperature index of the volume resistivities defined by the ratio of the volume resistivity at 200° C. to the volume resistivity at 23° C. being 0.1 to 10.

A production method for producing a halide includes a heat-treatment step of heat-treating, in an inert gas atmosphere, a mixed material in which LiBr and YBr.sub.3 are mixed. In the heat-treatment step, the mixed material is heat-treated at higher than or equal to 200° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C.

A production method for producing a halide includes a heat-treatment step of heat-treating, in an inert gas atmosphere, a mixed material in which LiBr and YBr.sub.3 are mixed. In the heat-treatment step, the mixed material is heat-treated at higher than or equal to 200° C. and lower than or equal to 650° C.

Fluorescent nanoparticle compositions and methods of used for dental bonded restorations are provided herein.