A positive electrode active material has a small difference in a crystal structure between the charged state and the discharged state. For example, the crystal structure and volume of the positive electrode active material, which has a layered rock-salt crystal structure in the discharged state and a pseudo-spinel crystal structure in the charged state at a high voltage of approximately 4.6 V, are less likely to be changed by charging and discharging as compared with those of a known positive electrode active material. In order to form the positive electrode active material having the pseudo-spinel crystal structure in the charged state, it is preferable that a halogen source such as a fluorine and a magnesium source be mixed with particles of a composite oxide containing lithium, a transition metal, and oxygen, which is synthesized in advance, and then the mixture be heated at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.

A process, a composition, and an article of manufacture are disclosed. The process includes generating a cyclic monoterpene derivative. The generating includes oxidizing a cyclic monoterpene to generate a ketone derivative and oxidizing the ketone derivative to form a lactone derivative. The composition and the article of manufacture include a polymer having monomer repeat units derived from a lactone derivative of a cyclic monoterpene.

A process, a composition, and an article of manufacture are disclosed. The process includes generating a cyclic monoterpene derivative. The generating includes oxidizing a cyclic monoterpene to generate a ketone derivative and oxidizing the ketone derivative to form a lactone derivative. The composition and the article of manufacture include a polymer having monomer repeat units derived from a lactone derivative of a cyclic monoterpene.

A spinel-type lithium and manganese containing composite oxide has a chemical composition of Li.sub.1+xM.sub.yMn.sub.2-yO.sub.4-k, where 0.1x0.2; 0y0.3; 0k0.2. M includes at least one of B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Mo, W, and Te. Crystal grains of the spinel-type lithium and manganese containing composite oxide have a quasi-spherical morphology. A surface of a single crystal grain is formed by a continuous curved surface connected to a finite surface with a profile circumscribed by the continuous curved surface, or is a continuous curved surface. A quantity of observable finite surfaces with the profile circumscribed by the continuous curved surface in an SEM image of a single crystal grain is 5. A ratio of a diameter dA of the finite surface with the profile circumscribed by the continuous curved surface to a diameter dV of the crystal grain satisfies dA/dV0.5, optionally dA/dV0.3.

A spinel-type lithium and manganese containing composite oxide has a chemical composition of Li.sub.1+xM.sub.yMn.sub.2-yO.sub.4-k, where 0.1x0.2; 0y0.3; 0k0.2. M includes at least one of B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Mo, W, and Te. Crystal grains of the spinel-type lithium and manganese containing composite oxide have a quasi-spherical morphology. A surface of a single crystal grain is formed by a continuous curved surface connected to a finite surface with a profile circumscribed by the continuous curved surface, or is a continuous curved surface. A quantity of observable finite surfaces with the profile circumscribed by the continuous curved surface in an SEM image of a single crystal grain is 5. A ratio of a diameter dA of the finite surface with the profile circumscribed by the continuous curved surface to a diameter dV of the crystal grain satisfies dA/dV0.5, optionally dA/dV0.3.

The present application discloses a lithium-supplementing additive, a preparation method therefor, and an application thereof. The lithium-supplementing additive includes a core body and a functional encapsulation layer covering the core body. The core body includes a lithium-supplementing material, and the lithium-supplementing material is a lithium-containing material having a unidirectional capacity, in which lithium ions are deintercalated during a first charge and free from intercalation during a discharge. Based on the lithium-supplementing material having a unidirectional capacity included in the lithium-supplementing additive of the present application, and lithium ions can be effectively deintercalated during the first charge and prevented from being intercalated into the lithium-supplementing material again during the discharge, therefore, the lithium-supplementing effect of the lithium-supplementing additive provided by the present application is ensured, and the initial efficiency and the overall electrochemical performance of a battery containing the lithium-supplementing additive is improved.

The present application discloses a lithium-supplementing additive, a preparation method therefor, and an application thereof. The lithium-supplementing additive includes a core body and a functional encapsulation layer covering the core body. The core body includes a lithium-supplementing material, and the lithium-supplementing material is a lithium-containing material having a unidirectional capacity, in which lithium ions are deintercalated during a first charge and free from intercalation during a discharge. Based on the lithium-supplementing material having a unidirectional capacity included in the lithium-supplementing additive of the present application, and lithium ions can be effectively deintercalated during the first charge and prevented from being intercalated into the lithium-supplementing material again during the discharge, therefore, the lithium-supplementing effect of the lithium-supplementing additive provided by the present application is ensured, and the initial efficiency and the overall electrochemical performance of a battery containing the lithium-supplementing additive is improved.

The present application provides a lithium iron phosphate composite material, a preparation method and use. The lithium iron phosphate composite material includes a core and a shell coated on the core, in particular, the core is Li.sub.6MnO.sub.4, and the shell is carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate. The lithium iron phosphate composite material provided by the present application adopts Li.sub.6MnO.sub.4 as the positive electrode lithium supplement material, and solves problems of active lithium loss and capacity depletion under high-rate charge and discharge of lithium iron phosphate positive electrode, thereby improving the rate performance of the lithium iron phosphate materials and the cycle life of batteries at high rates.

The present application provides a lithium iron phosphate composite material, a preparation method and use. The lithium iron phosphate composite material includes a core and a shell coated on the core, in particular, the core is Li.sub.6MnO.sub.4, and the shell is carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate. The lithium iron phosphate composite material provided by the present application adopts Li.sub.6MnO.sub.4 as the positive electrode lithium supplement material, and solves problems of active lithium loss and capacity depletion under high-rate charge and discharge of lithium iron phosphate positive electrode, thereby improving the rate performance of the lithium iron phosphate materials and the cycle life of batteries at high rates.

The present invention relates to aqueous solutions, methods of manufacturing the same and uses thereof. The aqueous solution comprises an alkaline earth metal added in the form of a water-soluble salt, manganese at least mainly present as a citrate complex of manganese having an oxidation state of +3 or +4, and optionally a lanthanide present in the form of a water soluble complex. The aqueous precursor solutions contain metals at appropriate stoichiometric ratios for producing films of complex inorganic metal oxides by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD). The complex inorganic metal oxides can be used as memristor materials, and generally in microelectronic, magnetic, and spintronic devices, in solid oxide fuel cells, in magnetic refrigeration, and in the fields of biomedicine, and as catalysts.