An antimicrobial material including a substrate and an antimicrobial mixed metal oxide, mixed metal sulfide, or mixed metal oxysulfide in and/or on the substrate is described, as well as antimicrobial coating materials and coatings formed therefrom. The antimicrobial material may be constituted in an antimicrobial surface of a surface-presenting substrate, to combat transmission and spread of microbial disease, e.g., disease mediated by microbial pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Antimicrobial mixed metal oxide, mixed metal sulfide, or mixed metal oxysulfide as described may be contacted with microorganisms to effect inactivation thereof.

According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material represented by a general formula Li.sub.x(Ni.sub.aCo.sub.bMn.sub.cM.sub.d).sub.1−s(Nb.sub.1−tTa.sub.t).sub.sO.sub.2. Here, M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, and 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, and 0.0005≤t≤0.1 are satisfied.

A method for producing a lithium-containing oxide comprising one or more metal elements, which can be used as an active material for an electrode, for example a positive electrode for a lithium battery, the method comprising the following successive steps: a) a step of bringing at least one coordination polymer into contact with a lithium source, the coordination polymer comprising the other metal element(s) interconnected by organic ligands; b) a step of calcining the mixture resulting from step a).

A stabilized lithium ion cathode material comprising a calcined manganese oxide powder wherein the manganese on a surface is MnPO.sub.4, comprises an manganese phosphate bond, or the phosphate is bonded to the surface of the cathode material.

A lithium-rich oxide positive electrode material. At least one unit lattice parameter (a, b, c) of the material decreases as the temperature increases at a temperature between 50 to 350 degrees. After treatment for 0.5 to 10 hours under the condition of 150 to 350° C., the degree of ordering of the material structure is increased, and the material has a higher discharge specific capacity and a higher discharge voltage when applied to a positive electrode of a lithium ion battery.

A positive electrode active material according to the present disclosure includes: a lithium composite oxide which includes Mn and at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and N, and S. The lithium composite oxide has a crystalline structure which belongs to the space group Fd-3m, and a relationship 1.40≤intensity ratio I.sub.Mn1/I.sub.Mn2≤1.90 is satisfied. The intensity ratio I.sub.Mn1/I.sub.Mn2 is a ratio of an intensity I.sub.Mn1 to an intensity I.sub.Mn2. The intensity I.sub.Mn1 and the intensity I.sub.Mn2 are intensities of a first proximity peak and a second proximity peak, respectively, of the Mn in a radial distribution function of the Mn included in the lithium composite oxide.

Provided are, inter alia, a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery having a high energy density with only a single positive electrode material, and a lithium secondary battery including the same. The positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode active material formed of a Li—[Mn—Ti]—O-based material so that lithium is reversibly intercalated and deintercalated, and particularly, the positive electrode active material is doped with a dopant (Me) having an oxidation number of 2 to 6.

A stabilized lithium ion cathode material comprising a calcined manganese oxide powder wherein the manganese on a surface is MnPO.sub.4, comprises an manganese phosphate bond, or the phosphate is bonded to the surface of the cathode material.

The present disclosure relates to a device comprising todorokite constructed of octahedra of manganese oxide forming a channel, wherein the channel contains a plurality of alkali ions but does not contain crystalline water molecules. In some aspects of the present disclosure, one of the alkali ions is magnesium and the channel may have a diameter of approximately one nanometer.

A positive electrode active material and a preparation process thereof, a sodium ion battery (5) and an apparatus containing the sodium ion battery (5) are described, the positive electrode active material satisfying the chemical formula of Na.sub.0.67Mn.sub.xA.sub.yB.sub.zO.sub.2±δ, in which A is selected from one or more of Co, Ni and Cr, B is selected from one or more of Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cu, Zn and Ba, 0.6<x<1, 0<y<0.1, 0.6<x+y<0.8, z>0, x+y+z=1, 0≤δ≤0.1, and (I)

[00001]$\frac{3.3.Math.3+2.Math.\left(\delta -y-z\right)}{4}<x<\frac{3.3.Math.3+2.Math.\left(\delta -y-z\right)}{3}.$