A single-crystalline LnBM.sub.2O.sub.5+ or LnBM.sub.2O.sub.5.5+ compound is provided, which includes an ordered oxygen vacancy structure; wherein Ln is a lanthanide, B is an alkali earth metal, M is a transition metal, O is oxygen, and 01. Methods of making and using the compound, and devices and compositions including same are also provided.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of n and p-type components with high temperature refractory material having a perovskite crystal structure. The material may be doped to generate, for example, p-type and n-type sensor legs. In some embodiments, expensive materials may be avoided. Further, the disclosed materials can avoid high temperature reaction between n-type components and p-type components.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of n and p-type components with high temperature refractory material having a perovskite crystal structure. The material may be doped to generate, for example, p-type and n-type sensor legs. In some embodiments, expensive materials may be avoided. Further, the disclosed materials can avoid high temperature reaction between n-type components and p-type components.