The invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating water. Iron is removed biologically from humus-rich water with the solution according to the invention. In the method, the water being treated is conveyed through a filter, which filter comprises filter material. Before the water is conveyed to the filter, the pH value of the water is lowered with an acidification part that is included in the apparatus.

The present disclosure provides for a method of filtering pollutants from a contaminated fluid stream. The method includes disposing unprepared humic shale in a container, contacting the unprepared humic shale with an aqueous solution, maintaining the aqueous composition in contact with the unprepared humic shale for a period of time, drying the humic shale, and then placing polluted water in contact with the humic shale until pollutants have been removed from the fluid.

A filter for a water purifier includes a filter housing that defines an inlet and an outlet, and a filter module disposed inside the filter housing and configured to purify water received through the inlet and supply purified water to the outlet. The filter module includes a carbon block that includes a mixture of: activated carbon having a weight corresponding to 40 to 50% of a weight of the mixture, a binder having a weight corresponding to 5 to 15% of the weight of the mixture, iron hydroxide having a weight corresponding to 10 to 20% of the weight of the mixture, and titanium oxide having a weight corresponding to 30 to 40% of the weight of the mixture.

This invention relates to treated geothermal brine compositions containing reduced concentrations of lithium, iron and silica compared to the untreated brines. Exemplary compositions contain concentration of lithium ranges from 0 to 200 mg/kg, concentration of silica ranges from 0 to 30 mg/kg, concentration of iron ranges from 0 to 300 mg/kg. Exemplary compositions also contain reduced concentrations of elements like arsenic, barium, and lead.

Provided is an apparatus for controlling a seawater desalination plant. The apparatus includes: a dissolved air flotation device configured to provide treated water obtained by treating seawater according to a dissolved air flotation (DAF); an ultrafiltration device including a plurality of ultrafiltration units each having an ultrafiltration membrane, and configured to perform an ultrafiltration (UF) process of filtering impurities remaining in the treated water using the ultrafiltration membranes of the plurality of ultrafiltration units; a reverse osmosis device; an information collection unit; and a state treatment unit.

An in-line fitment for connection of a filter to a pipe includes first and second fluid-carrying portions and a non-fluid-carrying spacer. Each fluid-carrying portion includes a socket for receiving an open end of a pipe and a connector for connection of the filter. A screw compression fitting is provided on each of the sockets of the first and second fluid-carrying portions for forming a sealed connection with the open ends of the pipe. The socket of the first fluid-carrying portion has a pipe receiving depth greater than that of the socket of the second fluid-carrying portion for enabling movement of the fitment parallel to the pipe when engaged with one of the open ends of the pipe. The sockets of the first and second fluid-carrying portions are positioned on a common axis and facing away from each other when the fluid-carrying portions are linked by the spacer.

Disclosed are a system and methods for producing lithium hydroxide directly from natural brine by an electrochemical approach. In one example version of the system, an electrochemical cell operates in two states. In one state, lithium cations (Li.sup.+) intercalate into a first electrode from the brine, and sodium cations (Na.sup.+) deintercalate from a second electrode into the brine. In another state, lithium cations deintercalate from the first electrode into a dilute lithium hydroxide (LiOH) solution, and sodium cations intercalate to the second electrode from a concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Hydroxide anions (OH.sup.−) transport through an anion exchange membrane to combine with lithium cations (Li.sup.+) to form LiOH, continuously increasing its concentration.

This invention relates to treated geothermal brine compositions containing reduced concentrations of lithium, iron and silica compared to the untreated brines. Exemplary compositions contain concentration of lithium ranges from 0 to 200 mg/kg, concentration of silica ranges from 0 to 30 mg/kg, concentration of iron ranges from 0 to 300 mg/kg. Exemplary compositions also contain reduced concentrations of elements like arsenic, barium, and lead.

Systems for and methods of monitoring and analyzing deposit in an industrial water system are provided. The methods comprise heating a substrate while the substrate contacts industrial water in the industrial water system to form deposit on the substrate. A series of digital images of the substrate while the substrate contacts the industrial water in the industrial water system is created. A region of interest in the series of digital images of the substrate is defined. A deposit feature in the region of interest in the series of digital images of the substrate is identified. The deposit feature in the region of interest in the series of digital images of the substrate is analyzed to determine a deposit trend of the substrate in the industrial water system. Generally, the systems are configured so as to be capable of carrying out one or more of the methods.

A method of purifying a produced water comprising contacting a produced water stream with a composition comprising a (i) a chelant; (ii) an oxidizing agent; and (iii) a surfactant under conditions suitable for the formation of a purified produced water. A composition for purifying produced water comprising (i) a biochelant in an amount of from about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %: (ii) an oxidizing agent in an amount of from about 3 wt. % to about 50 wt. %; (iii) a surfactant in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 70 wt. % wherein the weight percentage is based on the total weight of the composition; and (iv) a solvent.