A method of manufacturing a scintillator material includes providing a substrate made of a quartz glass and having a recess formed therein; filling the recess with a raw material powder obtained by mixing an iodide raw material and SiO.sub.2 fine particles; after filling the recess, disposing a lid on the substrate to cover the recess; and after disposing the lid, heating the substrate, thereby forming a nanocomposite layer in which an iodide phosphor is introduced into a cristobalite structure.

A bias-free driven ion-based photoelectrochemical wastewater treatment system and method is disclosed. Through an ion-coupled photogenerated electron-assisted photocatalytic oxidation-reduction pathway, the system achieves efficient treatment of high-salinity wastewater. The system employs electron-ion receptor materials as the counter electrode, providing reaction sites to drive the coupling of photogenerated electrons and cation transfer. Additionally, the voltage generated by the system directly drives hole oxidation to produce strong oxidizing free radicals. Furthermore, this ion-based photoelectrochemical system demonstrates excellent degradation performance in high-concentration chloride media. This indicates that, in addition to cations (such as Na+) helping to accelerate the electron transfer rate, the presence of Cl further enables efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment. The concept proposed in this invention emphasizes the potential for using abundant sodium chloride in seawater as an inexpensive additive for wastewater treatment.

A method of manufacturing a scintillator material includes providing a substrate made of a quartz glass and having a recess formed therein; filling the recess with a raw material powder obtained by mixing an iodide raw material and SiO.sub.2 fine particles; after filling the recess, disposing a lid on the substrate to cover the recess; and after disposing the lid, heating the substrate, thereby forming a nanocomposite layer in which an iodide phosphor is introduced into a cristobalite structure.

The present disclosure broadly relates to a method of depositing a perovskite film on a substrate, the perovskite having a formula ABX.sub.3. The method may comprise the step of co-evaporating a compound of formula AX and a compound of formula BX.sub.2 onto the substrate, wherein: A is selected from one or more monovalent metal cations or organic cations; B is selected from one or more metal cations or metalloid cations; and X is selected from one or more halide anions or pseudohalide anions. There is also disclosed herein a perovskite film produced by the method as well as a photovoltaic cell comprising the perovskite film.