The embodiments herein provide a filter for cigarette comprising graphene nano-composite based material enclosed in a casing. The filter is reusable and is plugged to any cigarette, or tobacco smoking products. The filter is a stand-alone product or manufactured integrally with each individual cigarette. The filter provides a safe smoking option to tobacco smokers without changing their smoking habits by reducing the tar content and other toxic chemicals in the inhaled smoke. The graphene based nanocomposite filter adsorbs the toxic agents from the smoke (of cigarette, beedi, hookah etc). The filter is fabricated by treating ceramic particles and coating them with carbon particles. The carbon particles are carbonized. The ceramic particles coated with carbon are segregated based on shape and size and treated chemically to convert carbon into graphene under inert conditions. The graphene coated particles are chemically functionalized for improved filtration.

Systems and methods for making ceramic powders are provided. The method for forming a ceramic powder includes: preparing a precursor mixture, wherein the preparing comprises adding at least one additive to a plurality of reagents, wherein the at least one additive includes at least one of: an oxide, a salt, a pure metal, or an alloy of elements ranging from atomic numbers 21 through 30, 39 through 51, and 57 through 77 and combinations thereof; and carbothermically reacting the precursor mixture to form a ceramic powder, wherein, due to the preparing step, the precursor mixture comprises a sufficient amount of the at least one additive to form the ceramic powder, wherein the ceramic powder comprises: (a) a morphology selected from the group consisting of irregular, equiaxed, plate-like, and combinations thereof; and (b) a particle size distribution selected from the group consisting of fine, intermediate, coarse, and combinations thereof.

Nanopowders containing nanoparticles having a core particle with a thin film coating. The core particles and thin film coatings are, independently, formed from at least one of a rare earth metal-containing oxide, a rare earth metal-containing fluoride, a rare earth metal-containing oxyfluoride or combinations thereof. The thin film coating may be formed using a non-line of sight technique such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). Also disclosed herein are nanoceramic materials formed from the nanopowders and methods of making and using the nanopowders.

A porous material having a hierarchical pore structure, wherein a size and shape of interconnection parts of at least one level pore cavities is consistent with a size and shape of interconnection parts between the level pore cavities and the previous level pore cavities thereof, and an average value of equivalent diameters of the interconnection parts is larger than 45% of that of a diameter of small pore cavities of two adjacent pore cavities of the interconnection parts. The method for preparing the porous material includes: mixing a raw material powder with a pore-forming agent used for preparing the smallest level pores to formulate a slurry; uniformly filling the slurry into a polymeric material frame, and drying and crushing to form mixed grains; then uniformly mixing the mixed grains with the pore-forming agent used for preparing the upper-level pore cavities, forming a compact green body and sintering.

A high strength ceramic body for use in a regenerative burner media bed, comprising a generally spherical refractory portion and a plurality of irregular aggregate portions distributed randomly throughout the generally spherical portion. The aggregate portions are selected from the group comprising tabular alumina, white fused alumina, mullite, chamotte, and combinations thereof. The generally spherical portion has a porosity of less than 1 percent and is more than 99.5 weight percent alumina.

Currently, the commercial fuel of choice, UO.sub.2-zircaloy, is economical due to an established and simple fabrication process. However, the alternatives to the UO.sub.2-zircaloy that may improve on system safety are sought. The fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel system that is potentially inherently safe fuel and is an improvement on the UO.sub.2-zircaloy system is prohibitively expensive because of the known methods to produce it. Disclosed herein is a new production route and fixturing that produces identical or superior FCM fuel consistent with mass production by providing a plurality of tristructural-isotropic fuel particles; mixing the plurality of tristructural-isotropic fuel particles with ceramic powder to form a mixture; placing the mixture in a die; and applying a current to the die so as to sinter the mixture by direct current sintering into a fuel element.

Disclosed are methods of forming a chamber component for a process chamber. The methods may include filling a mold with nanoparticles or plasma spraying nanoparticles, where at least a portion of the nanoparticles include a core particle and a thin film coating over the core particle. The core particle and thin film are formed of, independently, a rare earth metal-containing oxide, a rare earth metal-containing fluoride, a rare earth metal-containing oxyfluoride, or combinations thereof. The nanoparticles may have a donut-shape having a spherical form with indentations on opposite sides. The methods also may include sintering the nanoparticles to form the chamber component and materials. Further described are chamber components and coatings formed from the described nanoparticles.

It is an object to provide a cubic boron nitride polycrystalline material excellent in toughness. A cubic boron nitride polycrystalline material containing fine cubic boron nitride which is granular, has a maximum grain size not greater than 100 nm, and has an average grain size not greater than 70 nm and at least one of plate-shaped cubic boron nitride in a form of a plate having an average major radius not smaller than 50 nm and not greater than 10000 nm and coarse cubic boron nitride which is granular, has a minimum grain size exceeding 100 nm, and has an average grain size not greater than 1000 nm is provided.

The present invention provides oxide particles having a compositional formula of Pb(Zr.sub.xTi.sub.1-x)O.sub.3, wherein x is 0.46?x?0.6; wherein a size of the particle is from 0.5 to 10 ?m; a porosity of a surface of the particle is 20% or less; and a shape of the particle is any one of a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped, or a truncated octahedron.

A porous ceramic structure intended to form the reinforcement of a ceramic matrix composite component, the structure having a connected porosity delimited by an internal surface which includes a plurality of first points, each first point being associated with a second point aligned with this first point along a normal to the internal surface taken at the first point, the structure being divisible into a plurality of unit volumes of a size less than or equal to 5 mm3 in each of which: a characteristic pore length, corresponding to the maximum of the distance separating each first point from its associated second point, is less than or equal to 0.5 mm; and a porosity ratio is greater than or equal to 50%.